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Difference between revisions of "Sulawesi" - BirdForum Opus

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'''[[Sulawesi]]'''
 
'''[[Sulawesi]]'''
 
=Overview=
 
=Overview=
−
Sulawesi, aka Celebes, is Indonesia's fourth largest island (the world's eleventh) and its third largest by population. The island has a strange, vaguely starfish shape with four main "arms". It lies to the east of Wallace's line but nonetheless has many Asian faunal components such as Anoa, macaques and tarsiers. Much of the interior is mountainous with altitudes which may exceed 2,000 m.
+
Sulawesi, aka Celebes, is Indonesia's fourth largest island (the world's eleventh) and its third largest by population. The island has a strange, vaguely starfish shape with four main "arms". It lies to the east of Wallace's line but nonetheless has many Asian faunal components such as Anoa, macaques and tarsiers. Much of the interior is mountainous with altitudes which may exceed 2,000 m. Lake Matano is the deepest in South East Asia (590 m), is probably at least four million years old and exhibits high levels of endemism.
−
 
 
  
 
==Birds==
 
==Birds==
−
Mainland Sulawesi has around 410 bird species.
+
Mainland Sulawesi hosts about 430 bird species.
 
===Endemics===
 
===Endemics===
−
Mainland Sulawesi has between 71 and 77 endemic species depending on authority. This compares favourably with Colombia, the country with the most bird species. That has roughly the same number of endemics (80-90ish) but is around 6.5 times larger!
+
Mainland Sulawesi has around 90 endemic species (see table). This compares favourably with Colombia, the country with the most bird species. That has roughly the same number of endemics (80-90ish) but is around 6.5 times larger!
 +
 
 +
The proportion of endemic birds is somewhat lower than in mammals and butterflies (both around 40%). [[Hylocitrea]] may deserve its own family.
 +
 
 +
The following list tries to reflect birds which are restricted to the Indonesian province of Sulawesi. It excludes endemics restricted to North Maluku Province even though many are closely related to species on Sulawesi (e.g. [[Sula Lorikeet]]). See below the table for species which also occur on Halmahera and other islands.
  
−
[[Hylocitrea]] may deserve its own family.
+
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; font-size:70%;color: black;"
  
−
In the following list, some species may occur on neighbouring islands in the Moluccas. See: [[Maleo]], [[Sulawesi Ground Dove]], [[Red-eared Fruit-Dove]], [[Oberholser's Fruit Dove|Maroon-chinned Fruit-Dove]], [[White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon]] (with the Sula islands), [[Grey-headed Imperial-Pigeon]], [[Sombre Pigeon]], [[Bay Coucal]] (with adjacent islands), [[Yellow-billed Malkoha]] (with adjacent islands), [[Sulawesi Cuckoo]], [[Diabolical Nightjar]], [[Sulawesi Nightjar]] (with adjacent islands), [[Snoring Rail]], [[Blue-faced Rail]] (with Peleng Islands), [[Isabelline Bush-hen]], [[Sulawesi Serpent-Eagle]] (with adjacent islands), [[Sulawesi Goshawk]] (with adjacent islands), [[Spot-tailed Goshawk]] (with adjacent islands), [[Small Sparrowhawk]], [[Minahasa Masked-Owl]], [[Sulawesi Masked-Owl]], [[Sulawesi Scops-Owl]] (with adjacent islands), [[Ochre-bellied Boobook]], [[Cinnabar Boobook]], [[Speckled Boobook]], [[Knobbed Hornbill]], [[Sulawesi Hornbill]], [[Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher]], [[Talaud Kingfisher]], [[Green-backed Kingfisher]], [[Scaly-breasted Kingfisher]], [[Purple-bearded Bee-eater]], [[Purple-winged Roller]], [[Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker]], [[Ashy Woodpecker]], [[Ornate Lorikeet]], [[Yellow-cheeked Lorikeet]], [[Sulawesi Hanging-Parrot]], [[Sangihe Hanging-Parrot]], [[Pygmy Hanging-Parrot]], [[Sulawesi Pitta]], [[Dark-eared Myza]], [[White-eared Myza]], [[Sulawesi Myzomela]], [[Pied Cuckooshrike]], [[Cerulean Cuckooshrike]], [[White-rumped Cuckooshrike]], [[Pygmy Cuckooshrike]], [[Sulawesi Cicadabird]], [[Maroon-backed Whistler]], [[Sulphur-bellied Whistler]], [[Sulawesi Drongo]], [[Banggai Crow]], [[Piping Crow]], [[Malia]], [[Togian Golden-Bulbul]], [[Sulawesi Leaf Warbler]], [[Streak-headed White-eye]], [[Black-crowned White-eye]], [[Sulawesi White-eye]], [[Black-ringed White-eye]], [[Sulawesi Babbler]], [[Fiery-browed Myna]], [[Sulawesi Myna]], [[White-necked Myna]], [[Geomalia]], [[Sulawesi Thrush]], [[Sulawesi Brown Flycatcher]], [[Matinan Flycatcher]], [[Blue-fronted Flycatcher]], [[Great Shortwing]], [[Rufous-throated Flycatcher]], [[Lompobattang Flycatcher]], [[Hylocitrea]], [[Yellow-sided Flowerpecker]], [[Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker]], [[Grey-sided Flowerpecker]]
+
|+ style="font-size:140%;"| The endemic birds of Sulawesi Province
  
−
===Notable Species===
+
|-
−
There are also various regional endemics or species found on / shared with nearby islands:
+
!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|species!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|notes!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|mainland Sulawesi!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Bacan!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Banggai!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Benteng!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Bunaken!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Buton!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Kabaena Island!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Lembeh!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Mantehage!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Manui!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Peleng!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Sangihe Islands!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Selayar Islands!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Sula Islands!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Tagian Islands!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Talaud Islands!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Taliabu!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Tanah Jampea!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Thulandang!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Togian Islands!!style="color:black;font-size:70%" scope="col"|Wakitobi Regency
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="1"|'''[[Maleo|Maleo]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="2"|'''[[Sula Megapode|Sula Megapode]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="3"|'''[[Diabolical Nightjar|Diabolical Nightjar]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="4"|'''[[Bay Coucal|Bay Coucal]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="5"|'''[[Yellow-billed Malkoha|Yellow-billed Malkoha]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="6"|'''[[Sulawesi Cuckoo|Sulawesi Cuckoo]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="7"|'''[[Flores Sea Cuckoo-Dove|Flores Sea Cuckoo-Dove]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="8"|'''[[White-faced Cuckoo-Dove|White-faced Cuckoo-Dove]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="9"|'''[[Sula Cuckoo-Dove|Sula Cuckoo-Dove]]'''||||||||x||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="10"|'''[[Sulawesi Ground Dove|Sulawesi Ground Dove]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="11"|'''[[Red-eared Fruit-Dove|Red-eared Fruit-Dove]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="12"|'''[[Banggai Fruit-Dove|Banggai Fruit-Dove]]'''||||||||x||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="13"|'''[[Maroon-chinned Fruit-Dove|Maroon-chinned Fruit-Dove]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="15"|'''[[White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon|White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon]]'''||||x||||x||||||x||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="16"|'''[[Grey-headed Imperial-Pigeon|Grey-headed Imperial-Pigeon]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="17"|'''[[Sombre Pigeon|Sombre Pigeon]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="18"|'''[[Snoring Rail|Snoring Rail]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="19"|'''[[Blue-faced Rail|Blue-faced Rail]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="20"|'''[[Talaud Rail|Talaud Rail]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="21"|'''[[Talaud Bush-hen|Talaud Bush-hen]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="22"|'''[[Isabelline Bush-hen|Isabelline Bush-hen]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="23"|'''[[Sulawesi Woodcock|Sulawesi Woodcock]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="24"|'''[[Sulawesi Serpent-Eagle|Sulawesi Serpent-Eagle]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||x||x||||||x||||||x||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="25"|'''[[Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle|Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||x||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="26"|'''[[Sulawesi Goshawk|Sulawesi Goshawk]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="27"|'''[[Spot-tailed Goshawk|Spot-tailed Goshawk]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="28"|'''[[Small Sparrowhawk|Small Sparrowhawk]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="29"|'''[[Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk|Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||x||||x||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="30"|'''[[Minahasa Masked-Owl|Minahasa Masked-Owl]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="32"|'''[[Sulawesi Masked-Owl|Sulawesi Masked-Owl]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||x||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="33"|'''[[Togian Boobook|Togian Boobook]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="34"|'''[[Ochre-bellied Boobook|Ochre-bellied Boobook]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="35"|'''[[Cinnabar Boobook|Cinnabar Boobook]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="36"|'''[[Speckled Boobook|Speckled Boobook]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="37"|'''[[Sulawesi Scops-Owl|Sulawesi Scops-Owl]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="38"|'''[[Banggai Scops-Owl|Banggai Scops-Owl]]'''||||||||x||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="39"|'''[[Siau Scops-Owl|Siau Scops-Owl]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="40"|'''[[Sangihe Scops-Owl|Sangihe Scops-Owl]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="41"|'''[[Knobbed Hornbill|Knobbed Hornbill]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="42"|'''[[Sulawesi Hornbill|Sulawesi Hornbill]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="43"|'''[[Purple-winged Roller|Purple-winged Roller]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="44"|'''[[Green-backed Kingfisher|Green-backed Kingfisher]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="45"|'''[[Scaly-breasted Kingfisher|Scaly-breasted Kingfisher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="46"|'''[[Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher|Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="47"|'''[[Sangihe Lilac Kingfisher|Sangihe Lilac Kingfisher]]'''||reported from Tangkoko in Sulawesi||x||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="48"|'''[[Talaud Kingfisher|Talaud Kingfisher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="49"|'''[[Sulawesi Dwarf-Kingfisher|Sulawesi Dwarf-Kingfisher]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="50"|'''[[Purple-bearded Bee-eater|Purple-bearded Bee-eater]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="51"|'''[[Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker|Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="52"|'''[[Ashy Woodpecker|Ashy Woodpecker]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="53"|'''[[Golden-mantled Racquet-tail|Golden-mantled Racquet-tail]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||x||||x||x||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="54"|'''[[Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail|Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="56"|'''[[Yellow-cheeked Lorikeet|Yellow-cheeked Lorikeet]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="57"|'''[[Ornate Lorikeet|Ornate Lorikeet]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||x||x
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="58"|'''[[Red-and-blue Lory|Red-and-blue Lory]]'''||reported from NE Sulawesi||x||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||x||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="59"|'''[[Sulawesi Hanging-Parrot|Sulawesi Hanging-Parrot]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="60"|'''[[Sula Hanging-Parrot|Sula Hanging-Parrot]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="61"|'''[[Sangihe Hanging-Parrot|Sangihe Hanging-Parrot]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="62"|'''[[Pygmy Hanging-Parrot|Pygmy Hanging-Parrot]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="63"|'''[[Sulawesi Pitta|Sulawesi Pitta]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="64"|'''[[Sula Pitta|Sula Pitta]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="65"|'''[[Dark-eared Myza|Dark-eared Myza]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="66"|'''[[White-eared Myza|White-eared Myza]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="68"|'''[[Ivory-backed Woodswallow|Ivory-backed Woodswallow]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||x||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="69"|'''[[Cerulean Cuckooshrike|Cerulean Cuckooshrike]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="70"|'''[[Pied Cuckooshrike|Pied Cuckooshrike]]'''||Seram (?)||x||||||||x||||||||||||x||x||||||||x||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="71"|'''[[Slaty Cuckooshrike|Slaty Cuckooshrike]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="72"|'''[[White-rumped Cuckooshrike|White-rumped Cuckooshrike]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="73"|'''[[Sulawesi Cicadabird|Sulawesi Cicadabird]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||x||||||||x||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="74"|'''[[Sangihe Cicadabird|Sangihe Cicadabird]]'''(Salvadori's Cicadabird)||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||x||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="76"|'''[[Pygmy Cuckooshrike|Pygmy Cuckooshrike]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="77"|'''[[White-rumped Triller|White-rumped Triller]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||x||x||||||x||||||x||||||x||x
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="78"|'''[[Maroon-backed Whistler|Maroon-backed Whistler]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="79"|'''[[Sangihe Whistler|Sangihe Whistler]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="80"|'''[[Sulphur-bellied Whistler|Sulphur-bellied Whistler]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="81"|'''[[Sulawesi Drongo|Sulawesi Drongo]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||x||||||||||||||||x||x
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="82"|'''[[Sulawesi Fantail|Sulawesi Fantail]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||x||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="83"|'''[[Peleng Fantail|Peleng Fantail]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="85"|'''[[Cerulean Flycatcher|Cerulean Flycatcher]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="86"|'''[[White-tipped Monarch|White-tipped Monarch]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="87"|'''[[Piping Crow|Piping Crow]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="88"|'''[[Banggai Crow|Banggai Crow]]'''||||||||x||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="89"|'''[[Hylocitrea|Hylocitrea]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="90"|'''[[Togian Golden Bulbul|Togian Golden Bulbul]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="91"|'''[[Sangihe Golden Bulbul|Sangihe Golden Bulbul]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="92"|'''[[Sulawesi Leaf Warbler|Sulawesi Leaf Warbler]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="93"|'''[[Lompobattang Leaf Warbler|Lompobattang Leaf Warbler]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="94"|'''[[Sulawesi Bush Warbler|Sulawesi Bush Warbler]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="96"|'''[[Malia|Malia]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="97"|'''[[Streak-headed White-eye|Streak-headed White-eye]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="98"|'''[[Wakatobi White-eye|Wakatobi White-eye]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="99"|'''[[Black-crowned White-eye|Black-crowned White-eye]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="100"|'''[[Sangihe White-eye|Sangihe White-eye]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="101"|'''[[Sulawesi White-eye|Sulawesi White-eye]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="102"|'''[[Togian White-eye|Togian White-eye]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="103"|'''[[Black-ringed White-eye|Black-ringed White-eye]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="104"|'''[[Sulawesi Babbler|Sulawesi Babbler]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="105"|'''[[Sulawesi Myna|Sulawesi Myna]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="106"|'''[[Helmeted Myna|Helmeted Myna]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||x||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="107"|'''[[White-necked Myna|White-necked Myna]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="109"|'''[[Fiery-browed Myna|Fiery-browed Myna]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="110"|'''[[Finch-billed Myna|Finch-billed Myna]]'''||Introduced elsewhere||x||||||||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||x||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="111"|'''[[Pale-bellied Myna|Pale-bellied Myna]]'''||Introduced elsewhere||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="112"|'''[[Geomalia|Geomalia]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="113"|'''[[Rusty-backed Thrush|Rusty-backed Thrush]]'''||||x||||||||||x||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="114"|'''[[Red-and-black Thrush|Red-and-black Thrush]]'''||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||x||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="115"|'''[[Sulawesi Thrush|Sulawesi Thrush]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="116"|'''[[Sulawesi Brown Flycatcher|Sulawesi Brown Flycatcher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="118"|'''[[Banggai Jungle Flycatcher|Banggai Jungle Flycatcher]]'''||||||||x||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="119"|'''[[Matinan Flycatcher|Matinan Flycatcher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="120"|'''[[Blue-fronted Flycatcher|Blue-fronted Flycatcher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="121"|'''[[Great Shortwing|Great Shortwing]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="122"|'''[[Rufous-throated Flycatcher|Rufous-throated Flycatcher]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="123"|'''[[Lompobattang Flycatcher|Lompobattang Flycatcher]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="124"|'''[[Yellow-sided Flowerpecker|Yellow-sided Flowerpecker]]'''||||x||||||||||x||||||||||||x||||||x||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="125"|'''[[Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker|Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker]]'''||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
|-
 +
|data-sort-value="126"|'''[[Elegant Sunbird|Elegant Sunbird]]'''||reported from NE Sulawesi||x||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||
 +
|}
  
−
[[Sula Megapode]], [[Green Junglefowl]], [[White-faced Cuckoo-Dove]], [[Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon]], [[Elegant Imperial-Pigeon]], [[Pink-headed Imperial-Pigeon]], [[Silver-tipped Imperial-Pigeon]], [[Black-billed Koel]], [[Black-backed Swamphen]], [[Talaud Bush-hen]], [[Javan Plover]], [[Sulawesi Woodcock]], [[Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle]], [[Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk]], [[Sulawesi Dwarf-Kingfisher]], [[Sangihe Lilac Kingfisher]], [[Great-billed Kingfisher]], [[Spotted Kestrel]], [[Yellow-crested Cockatoo]], [[Golden-mantled Racquet-tail]], [[Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail]], [[Purple-naped Lory]], [[Red-and-blue Lory]], [[Sula Hanging-Parrot]], [[Slaty Cuckooshrike]], [[White-shouldered Triller]], [[White-rumped Triller]], [[Sangihe Whistler]], [[Drab Whistler]], [[Ivory-backed Woodswallow]], [[Sangihe Golden-Bulbul]], [[Lompobattang Leaf Warbler]], [[Finch-billed Myna]], [[Helmeted Myna]], [[Javan Myna]], [[Pale-bellied Myna]], [[Rusty-backed Thrush]], [[Red-and-black Thrush]], [[Banggai Jungle Flycatcher]], [[Red-chested Flowerpecker]], [[Elegant Sunbird]], [[Pale-headed Munia]]
+
Sources for above: species list from Avibase edited and corrected in the light of [https://www.ebird.org ebird records], [[#References|[1]]], [[#References|[2]]]. Records of island endemics (e.g. [[Talaud Kingfisher]]) from north Sulawesi should be considered unverified.
 +
 
 +
===Regional endemics===
 +
These species also occur on Halmahera or other Moluccan islands:
 +
 
 +
[[Sulawesi Nightjar]] (Sulawesi, also Buton, Peleng, Sula Islands, Halmahera), [[Black-billed Koel]] (Sulawesi, also Benteng, Buton, Halmahera, Manui, Peleng, Sangihe Islands, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands), [[Sula Cuckoo-Dove]] (Peleng, also Sula Islands), [[Elegant Imperial-Pigeon]] (Known from Tangkoko on Sulawesi. Also Benteng, Manui,  Moluccas, Sangihe Islands, Talaud Islands), [[Silver-tipped Imperial-Pigeon]] (Sulawesi, also Banggai, Buton, Peleng, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands, Halmahera), [[Great-billed Kingfisher]] (Sulawesi, also Buton, Peleng, Sangihe, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands, Halmahera), [[Sulawesi Myzomela]] (Sulawesi, also Bacan, Benteng, Peleng, Obi, Taliabu), [[Drab Whistler]] (Peleng nearest population to mainland Sulawesi), [[Pale-blue Monarch]] (Sulawesi, also Benteng, Buton, Halmahera, Peleng, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands), [[Grey-sided Flowerpecker]] (Sulawesi, also Benteng, Buton, Halmahera, Manui, Peleng, Sangihe Islands, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Talaud Islands, Togian Islands, Wakitobi Regency)
 +
 
 +
===Other notable species===
 +
[[Philippine Megapode]] (Sulawesi, also Sangihe Islands, Talaud, Togian Islands, Philippines etc), [[Metallic Pigeon]] (Sulawesi, also widespread in Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea), [[Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove]] (Sulawesi, also the Moluccas and New Guinea), [[Stephan's Dove]] (Sulawesi, also the Moluccas to the Solomon Islands), [[Grey-cheeked Green-Pigeon]] (Sulawesi, also widespread across  adjacent islands, Bali, Halmahera, Java), [[Pink-headed Imperial-Pigeon]] (Benteng nearest population to Sulawesi), [[Black-backed Swamphen]] (Sulawesi, also widespread in Indonesia, Malay Peninsula), [[Javan Plover]] (Sulawesi, also Bali, Java, Lesser Sundas, Singapore (?)), [[Spotted Kestrel]] (Sulawesi, also Bali, Java, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Mindanao), [[Yellow-crested Cockatoo]] (Sulawesi; widespread (and introduced elsewhere) but rare), [[White-shouldered Triller]] (Sulawesi, also Bali, Java, Lesser Sundas), [[Citrine Canary-Flycatcher]] (Sulawesi, also Banggai, Buton, Peleng, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Philippines), [[Red-chested Flowerpecker]] (Sulawesi, also Bali, Lesser Sundas), [[Pale-headed Munia]] (Sulawesi, also Lesser Sundas)
  
 
==Other Wildlife==
 
==Other Wildlife==
−
Sulawesi has 230 species of mammals. Around half are endemic: some 111 species. They include the largest viverrid in the world, the Sulawesi Palm Civet. (Note that the fossa of Madagascar has traditionally been treated as a viverrid but is now placed in the Malagasy endemic family Eupleridae. It is heavier but has a shorter head-body length.) Better known inhabitants include macaques (7 species), Anoa (2 species), tarsiers and Babirusa.
+
===Mammals===
 +
Sulawesi has 230 species of mammals. Around half are endemic: some 111 species [[#References|[4]]]. They include the largest viverrid in the world, the Sulawesi Palm Civet. (Note that the fossa of Madagascar has traditionally been treated as a viverrid but is now placed in the Malagasy endemic family Eupleridae. It is heavier but has a shorter head-body length.) Better known inhabitants include macaques (7 species), Anoa (2 species), tarsiers and Babirusa.
 +
 
 +
===Butterflies===
 +
The wider Sulawesi region has around 560 species of butterflies [[#References|[3]]]. This is around half Borneo's total although the latter is about four times larger. About 240 species are endemic, whilst 130 or so  of these are restricted to the mainland.
 +
 
 +
===Other groups===
 +
A total of about 210 reptile and amphibian species are known from Sulawesi (as at 2011 see [[#References|[6]]]), of which 60% are endemic.
  
 +
There are around 70 species of endemic fish in Sulawesi. The majority are in the following families: Telmatherinidae (sailfin silversides: around 17 species), Adrianichthyidae (ricefishes: 19 species), Zenarchopteridae (viviparous halfbeaks: 16 species), and Gobiidae (gobies: 11 species) [[#References|[5]]].
  
−
===Access and Facilities===
+
==Access and Facilities==
 
There are airports at Makassar (main), Manado and Pula. Most visitors fly from Jakarta.
 
There are airports at Makassar (main), Manado and Pula. Most visitors fly from Jakarta.
  
Line 30: Line 284:
 
*Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (previous name Dumoga Bone National Park)
 
*Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (previous name Dumoga Bone National Park)
 
*[[Lore Lindu National Park]]
 
*[[Lore Lindu National Park]]
−
*Tangkoko-Batu Angus Nature Reserve
+
*[[Tangkoko Nature Reserve|Tangkoko-Batu Angus Nature Reserve]]
−
<br>
+
 
 +
==References==
 +
#  Norman Arlott (2018) Birds of the Philippines and Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sundas and the Moluccas. Collins Field Guides.
 +
#  Eaton, J.A.. van Balen, B. Brickle, N.W., B Rheindk F.E. (2021). Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago, Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions. Barcelona. Second Edition
 +
# Vane-Wright, R.I.  & de Jong, R. (2003) The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zool. Verh. Leiden 343, 11.vii.: 3-267.
 +
# Maryanto, I., Maharadatunkamsi, Achmadi, A. S., Wiantoro, S., Sulistyadi, E., Yoneda, M., Suyanto, A., Sugardjito, J. (2019) Checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia: Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation. Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Available from [https://www.mammalwatching.com/wp-content/uploads/C_Checklist-mamalia-IBNU.pdf link]
 +
# See [https://sulawesikeepers.org/endemic-freshwater-fish-of-sulawesi/ https://sulawesikeepers.org/endemic-freshwater-fish-of-sulawesi/], part of [https://sulawesikeepers.org/ https://sulawesikeepers.org/]
 +
# Koch, A (2011). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Sulawesi: Underestimated Diversity in a Dynamic Environment. In book: Biodiversity Hotspots. Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas. Chapter: 20 Publisher: Springer Editors: Frank Zachos, Jan C. Habel [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_20 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_20] (read in abstract only).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
[[Category:Locations]] [[Category:Indonesia]][[Category:Missing Location Images]]
 
[[Category:Locations]] [[Category:Indonesia]][[Category:Missing Location Images]]

Latest revision as of 17:16, 4 May 2025


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Sulawesi

Overview

Sulawesi, aka Celebes, is Indonesia's fourth largest island (the world's eleventh) and its third largest by population. The island has a strange, vaguely starfish shape with four main "arms". It lies to the east of Wallace's line but nonetheless has many Asian faunal components such as Anoa, macaques and tarsiers. Much of the interior is mountainous with altitudes which may exceed 2,000 m. Lake Matano is the deepest in South East Asia (590 m), is probably at least four million years old and exhibits high levels of endemism.

Birds

Mainland Sulawesi hosts about 430 bird species.

Endemics

Mainland Sulawesi has around 90 endemic species (see table). This compares favourably with Colombia, the country with the most bird species. That has roughly the same number of endemics (80-90ish) but is around 6.5 times larger!

The proportion of endemic birds is somewhat lower than in mammals and butterflies (both around 40%). Hylocitrea may deserve its own family.

The following list tries to reflect birds which are restricted to the Indonesian province of Sulawesi. It excludes endemics restricted to North Maluku Province even though many are closely related to species on Sulawesi (e.g. Sula Lorikeet). See below the table for species which also occur on Halmahera and other islands.

The endemic birds of Sulawesi Province
species notes mainland Sulawesi Bacan Banggai Benteng Bunaken Buton Kabaena Island Lembeh Mantehage Manui Peleng Sangihe Islands Selayar Islands Sula Islands Tagian Islands Talaud Islands Taliabu Tanah Jampea Thulandang Togian Islands Wakitobi Regency
Maleo x
Sula Megapode x x x
Diabolical Nightjar x x
Bay Coucal x x x
Yellow-billed Malkoha x x x
Sulawesi Cuckoo x x
Flores Sea Cuckoo-Dove x
White-faced Cuckoo-Dove x x x
Sula Cuckoo-Dove x x x x
Sulawesi Ground Dove x x
Red-eared Fruit-Dove x
Banggai Fruit-Dove x x
Maroon-chinned Fruit-Dove x x
White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon x x x x x x x
Grey-headed Imperial-Pigeon x
Sombre Pigeon x
Snoring Rail x
Blue-faced Rail x x
Talaud Rail x
Talaud Bush-hen x
Isabelline Bush-hen x x x
Sulawesi Woodcock x
Sulawesi Serpent-Eagle x x x x x x x
Sulawesi Hawk-Eagle x x x x x
Sulawesi Goshawk x x x
Spot-tailed Goshawk x x
Small Sparrowhawk x
Vinous-breasted Sparrowhawk x x x x x
Minahasa Masked-Owl x
Sulawesi Masked-Owl x x x x x
Togian Boobook x
Ochre-bellied Boobook x x
Cinnabar Boobook x
Speckled Boobook x x
Sulawesi Scops-Owl x x x
Banggai Scops-Owl x x
Siau Scops-Owl
Sangihe Scops-Owl
Knobbed Hornbill x x x
Sulawesi Hornbill x x x
Purple-winged Roller x x
Green-backed Kingfisher x x x
Scaly-breasted Kingfisher x
Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher x x x
Sangihe Lilac Kingfisher reported from Tangkoko in Sulawesi x x
Talaud Kingfisher x x
Sulawesi Dwarf-Kingfisher x x x
Purple-bearded Bee-eater x
Sulawesi Pygmy Woodpecker x x x
Ashy Woodpecker x x x
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail x x x x x x x
Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail x x x
Yellow-cheeked Lorikeet x
Ornate Lorikeet x x x x x
Red-and-blue Lory reported from NE Sulawesi x x x
Sulawesi Hanging-Parrot x x x x
Sula Hanging-Parrot x x x
Sangihe Hanging-Parrot x
Pygmy Hanging-Parrot x x x
Sulawesi Pitta x x x x
Sula Pitta x x x
Dark-eared Myza x
White-eared Myza x
Ivory-backed Woodswallow x x x x x
Cerulean Cuckooshrike x
Pied Cuckooshrike Seram (?) x x x x x x
Slaty Cuckooshrike x x x
White-rumped Cuckooshrike x x
Sulawesi Cicadabird x x x x x x
Sangihe Cicadabird(Salvadori's Cicadabird) x x
Pygmy Cuckooshrike x x
White-rumped Triller x x x x x x x x
Maroon-backed Whistler x
Sangihe Whistler x
Sulphur-bellied Whistler x
Sulawesi Drongo x x x x x x
Sulawesi Fantail x x x
Peleng Fantail x
Cerulean Flycatcher x
White-tipped Monarch x x
Piping Crow x x x
Banggai Crow x x
Hylocitrea x
Togian Golden Bulbul x
Sangihe Golden Bulbul x
Sulawesi Leaf Warbler x
Lompobattang Leaf Warbler x
Sulawesi Bush Warbler x
Malia x
Streak-headed White-eye x x x
Wakatobi White-eye x
Black-crowned White-eye x x x x
Sangihe White-eye x
Sulawesi White-eye x x x
Togian White-eye x
Black-ringed White-eye x
Sulawesi Babbler x x x x
Sulawesi Myna x x
Helmeted Myna x x x
White-necked Myna x x
Fiery-browed Myna x
Finch-billed Myna Introduced elsewhere x x x x
Pale-bellied Myna Introduced elsewhere x
Geomalia x
Rusty-backed Thrush x x x
Red-and-black Thrush x x
Sulawesi Thrush x
Sulawesi Brown Flycatcher x
Banggai Jungle Flycatcher x x
Matinan Flycatcher x
Blue-fronted Flycatcher x
Great Shortwing x
Rufous-throated Flycatcher x x
Lompobattang Flycatcher x
Yellow-sided Flowerpecker x x x x
Crimson-crowned Flowerpecker x
Elegant Sunbird reported from NE Sulawesi x x

Sources for above: species list from Avibase edited and corrected in the light of ebird records, [1], [2]. Records of island endemics (e.g. Talaud Kingfisher) from north Sulawesi should be considered unverified.

Regional endemics

These species also occur on Halmahera or other Moluccan islands:

Sulawesi Nightjar (Sulawesi, also Buton, Peleng, Sula Islands, Halmahera), Black-billed Koel (Sulawesi, also Benteng, Buton, Halmahera, Manui, Peleng, Sangihe Islands, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands), Sula Cuckoo-Dove (Peleng, also Sula Islands), Elegant Imperial-Pigeon (Known from Tangkoko on Sulawesi. Also Benteng, Manui, Moluccas, Sangihe Islands, Talaud Islands), Silver-tipped Imperial-Pigeon (Sulawesi, also Banggai, Buton, Peleng, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands, Halmahera), Great-billed Kingfisher (Sulawesi, also Buton, Peleng, Sangihe, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands, Halmahera), Sulawesi Myzomela (Sulawesi, also Bacan, Benteng, Peleng, Obi, Taliabu), Drab Whistler (Peleng nearest population to mainland Sulawesi), Pale-blue Monarch (Sulawesi, also Benteng, Buton, Halmahera, Peleng, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Togian Islands), Grey-sided Flowerpecker (Sulawesi, also Benteng, Buton, Halmahera, Manui, Peleng, Sangihe Islands, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Talaud Islands, Togian Islands, Wakitobi Regency)

Other notable species

Philippine Megapode (Sulawesi, also Sangihe Islands, Talaud, Togian Islands, Philippines etc), Metallic Pigeon (Sulawesi, also widespread in Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea), Sultan's Cuckoo-Dove (Sulawesi, also the Moluccas and New Guinea), Stephan's Dove (Sulawesi, also the Moluccas to the Solomon Islands), Grey-cheeked Green-Pigeon (Sulawesi, also widespread across adjacent islands, Bali, Halmahera, Java), Pink-headed Imperial-Pigeon (Benteng nearest population to Sulawesi), Black-backed Swamphen (Sulawesi, also widespread in Indonesia, Malay Peninsula), Javan Plover (Sulawesi, also Bali, Java, Lesser Sundas, Singapore (?)), Spotted Kestrel (Sulawesi, also Bali, Java, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Mindanao), Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Sulawesi; widespread (and introduced elsewhere) but rare), White-shouldered Triller (Sulawesi, also Bali, Java, Lesser Sundas), Citrine Canary-Flycatcher (Sulawesi, also Banggai, Buton, Peleng, Sula Islands, Taliabu, Philippines), Red-chested Flowerpecker (Sulawesi, also Bali, Lesser Sundas), Pale-headed Munia (Sulawesi, also Lesser Sundas)

Other Wildlife

Mammals

Sulawesi has 230 species of mammals. Around half are endemic: some 111 species [4]. They include the largest viverrid in the world, the Sulawesi Palm Civet. (Note that the fossa of Madagascar has traditionally been treated as a viverrid but is now placed in the Malagasy endemic family Eupleridae. It is heavier but has a shorter head-body length.) Better known inhabitants include macaques (7 species), Anoa (2 species), tarsiers and Babirusa.

Butterflies

The wider Sulawesi region has around 560 species of butterflies [3]. This is around half Borneo's total although the latter is about four times larger. About 240 species are endemic, whilst 130 or so of these are restricted to the mainland.

Other groups

A total of about 210 reptile and amphibian species are known from Sulawesi (as at 2011 see [6]), of which 60% are endemic.

There are around 70 species of endemic fish in Sulawesi. The majority are in the following families: Telmatherinidae (sailfin silversides: around 17 species), Adrianichthyidae (ricefishes: 19 species), Zenarchopteridae (viviparous halfbeaks: 16 species), and Gobiidae (gobies: 11 species) [5].

Access and Facilities

There are airports at Makassar (main), Manado and Pula. Most visitors fly from Jakarta.

Selected Sites

References

  1. Norman Arlott (2018) Birds of the Philippines and Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sundas and the Moluccas. Collins Field Guides.
  2. Eaton, J.A.. van Balen, B. Brickle, N.W., B Rheindk F.E. (2021). Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago, Greater Sundas and Wallacea. Lynx Edicions. Barcelona. Second Edition
  3. Vane-Wright, R.I. & de Jong, R. (2003) The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zool. Verh. Leiden 343, 11.vii.: 3-267.
  4. Maryanto, I., Maharadatunkamsi, Achmadi, A. S., Wiantoro, S., Sulistyadi, E., Yoneda, M., Suyanto, A., Sugardjito, J. (2019) Checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia: Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation. Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Available from link
  5. See https://sulawesikeepers.org/endemic-freshwater-fish-of-sulawesi/, part of https://sulawesikeepers.org/
  6. Koch, A (2011). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Sulawesi: Underestimated Diversity in a Dynamic Environment. In book: Biodiversity Hotspots. Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas. Chapter: 20 Publisher: Springer Editors: Frank Zachos, Jan C. Habel [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_20 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_20] (read in abstract only).
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