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Difference between revisions of "Orange-headed Thrush" - BirdForum Opus

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;Zoothera citrina
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'''Alternative name: Orange-headed Ground-Thrush'''
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[[Image:Orange-headed Thrush.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by jaray<br />Photo taken: Kaoyai National Park, Thailand.]]
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[[Image:orange-headed_thrush_alok.JPG|thumb|550px|right|Nominate subspecies Male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />[[Jim Corbett National Park]], Uttarakhand, [[India]], 10 June 2016]]
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;[[:Category:Geokichla|Geokichla]] citrina
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''Zoothera citrina''
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'''Includes the White-headed Ground Thrush (''Geokichla albogularis''); not to be confused with the [[White-throated Thrush]] from the Americas'''
  
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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Males of this small thrush have uniform grey upperparts, and orange head and underparts. Females and young birds have browner upper parts.
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[[Image:Orange-headed Thrush.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male, race ''innotata''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|jaray|jaray}}<br />[[Khao Yai National Park]], [[Thailand]].]]
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Total length 20-23 cm (8-9 in).<br />
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Males of this small thrush have uniform grey upperparts and orange head and underparts. Females and sub-adults have olive-brown upperparts and tail.<br />
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Juveniles of all races have dark facial lines and duller upperparts and underparts with some streaking/mottling.
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====Variations====
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The racial variation is striking (''see [[Orange-headed_Thrush#Taxonomy|taxonomy]]''), especially in the presence/absence of a white wing-bar and the facial features. Some races have a uniform orange head, some have a slightly duller throat and face with two vertical dark lines (one below the eye and a second on the auriculars), while other have a white face and throat with or without two vertical dark facial lines.
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==Distribution==
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[[Image:Male_Orange-headed_gt.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male race ''cyanota''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Pradyumna+Mohan|Pradyumna Mohan}}<br />Karnataka, [[India]], 7 April 2007]]
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Found in well-wooded areas of the [[India|Indian]] subcontinent, southern [[China]], mainland southeast [[Asia]], northern [[Borneo]], [[Java]] and [[Bali]].
  
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They have a white throat and two black stripes running below the eyes. This race is known locally as the White-throated Ground Thrush.
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There are also a few records of migrants from [[Sumatra]]. Often local and scarse, but commoner in parts of the India.
  
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==Distribution==
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Tropical races are generally resident, but races that breed in colder regions (e.g. the [[Himalayas]] and parts of China) are migratory and winter further south.
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It is common in well-wooded areas of India, China and southeast Asia. Most populations are resident. The race Zoothera citrina cyanotus is a resident in the hills of southern India and the Western Ghats.
 
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
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The Orange-headed Thrush (Zoothera citrina) is a member of the thrush family, Turdidae.
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Formerly placed in genus [[:Category:Zoothera|Zoothera]].
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[[Image:orange-headed_thrush_2_alok.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''G. c. cyanota'' female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />Amboli, Alt. 22-2500 ft., Western Ghats, Dist. Sindhudurg, Maharashtra, [[India]], 7 february 2019]]
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====Subspecies====
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There are 12 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>:
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*''G. c. citrina'': West [[Pakistan]] to northern [[Myanmar]]; winters to [[Sri Lanka]]
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*''G. c. cyanota'': Peninsular [[India]] (north to Gujarat and Andhra)
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*''G. c. innotata'': South Myanmar to southern [[China]] and [[Indochina]]; winters to [[Malaysia]]
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*''G. c. melli'': South-East [[China]] (Fujian and n Guangdong)
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*''G. c. courtoisi'': East China (Anhui Province)
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*''G. c. aurimacula'': South [[Vietnam]] and Hainan
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*''G. c. andamanensis'': [[Andaman Islands]]
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*''G. c. albogularis'': [[Nicobar Islands]]
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*''G. c. gibsonhilli'': Central [[Malay Peninsula]] (southern Myanmar to southern [[Thailand]])
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*''G. c. aurata'': Mountains of northern [[Borneo]]
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*''G. c. rubecula'': West [[Java]]
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*''G. c. orientis'': East Java and [[Bali]]
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It has been suggested that some taxa should be considered separate species. Especially ''albogularis'' and ''andamanensis'' (from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands), the only white-faced and -throated taxa with faint or no vertical dark facial lines, are regularly considered a separate species; the White-throated Ground Thrush (''G. albogularis'' with race ''andamanensis''). Other separations have been suggested, but the variation is confusing with similar-looking races often found far from each other.
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
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The species shows a preference for shady damp areas, and like many Zoothera thrushes, can be quite secretive.
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[[Image:Female_Orange-headed_gt.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Female race ''melli''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|anonymous_guy|anonymous_guy}}<br />Lamma Island, [[Hong Kong]]]]
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Found in forest, plantations and secondary growth with some thickets.  
  
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
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Orange-headed Thrushes are omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and fruit. They nest in trees. They do not form flocks.
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Like most ''Zoothera'' and ''Geokichla'' thrushes it can be quite secretive. They do not form flocks.
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====Diet====
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At least partially [[Dictionary_A-C#C|Crepuscular]]. It is [[Dictionary_M-O#O|Omnivorous]], eating a wide range of insects, earthworms, termites, leeches, slugs, snails and fruit, berries and grass seed.
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====Breeding====
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They nest in trees.  
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==References==
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#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved June 2016)
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#BF Member observations
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{{ref}}
  
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==External Links==
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{{GSearch|"Geokichla citrina" {{!}} "Zoothera citrina" {{!}} "Orange-headed Thrush" {{!}} "Orange-headed Ground-Thrush" {{!}} "White-headed Ground Thrush" {{!}} "Geokichla albogularis"}}
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<br />
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{{VSearch|"Geokichla citrina" {{!}} "Zoothera citrina" {{!}} "Orange-headed Thrush" {{!}} "Orange-headed Ground-Thrush" {{!}} "White-headed Ground Thrush" {{!}} "Geokichla albogularis"}}, video}}
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{{GS-checked}}1
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<br />
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<br />
  
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==External Links==
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[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Geokichla]][[Category:Videos]]
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*[http://www.birdforum.net/pp_gallery/showgallery.php?mcats=all&si=Zoothera%20citrina&what=allfields&name=&when=&whenterm= View more images of Orange-headed Thrush in the gallery]
 
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[[Category:Birds]]
 

Latest revision as of 22:20, 9 September 2023

Alternative name: Orange-headed Ground-Thrush

Nominate subspecies Male
Photo © by Alok Tewari
Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, India, 10 June 2016
Geokichla citrina

Zoothera citrina

Includes the White-headed Ground Thrush (Geokichla albogularis); not to be confused with the White-throated Thrush from the Americas

Identification

Male, race innotata
Photo © by jaray
Khao Yai National Park, Thailand.

Total length 20-23 cm (8-9 in).
Males of this small thrush have uniform grey upperparts and orange head and underparts. Females and sub-adults have olive-brown upperparts and tail.
Juveniles of all races have dark facial lines and duller upperparts and underparts with some streaking/mottling.

Variations

The racial variation is striking (see taxonomy), especially in the presence/absence of a white wing-bar and the facial features. Some races have a uniform orange head, some have a slightly duller throat and face with two vertical dark lines (one below the eye and a second on the auriculars), while other have a white face and throat with or without two vertical dark facial lines.

Distribution

Male race cyanota
Photo © by Pradyumna Mohan
Karnataka, India, 7 April 2007

Found in well-wooded areas of the Indian subcontinent, southern China, mainland southeast Asia, northern Borneo, Java and Bali.

There are also a few records of migrants from Sumatra. Often local and scarse, but commoner in parts of the India.

Tropical races are generally resident, but races that breed in colder regions (e.g. the Himalayas and parts of China) are migratory and winter further south.

Taxonomy

Formerly placed in genus Zoothera.

Subspecies G. c. cyanota female
Photo © by Alok Tewari
Amboli, Alt. 22-2500 ft., Western Ghats, Dist. Sindhudurg, Maharashtra, India, 7 february 2019

Subspecies

There are 12 subspecies[1]:

It has been suggested that some taxa should be considered separate species. Especially albogularis and andamanensis (from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands), the only white-faced and -throated taxa with faint or no vertical dark facial lines, are regularly considered a separate species; the White-throated Ground Thrush (G. albogularis with race andamanensis). Other separations have been suggested, but the variation is confusing with similar-looking races often found far from each other.

Habitat

Female race melli
Photo © by anonymous_guy
Lamma Island, Hong Kong

Found in forest, plantations and secondary growth with some thickets.

Behaviour

Like most Zoothera and Geokichla thrushes it can be quite secretive. They do not form flocks.

Diet

At least partially Crepuscular. It is Omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms, termites, leeches, slugs, snails and fruit, berries and grass seed.

Breeding

They nest in trees.

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved June 2016)
  3. BF Member observations

Recommended Citation

External Links


, video}}

GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

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