- Dendroica petechia
Identification
- L. 4 in
- Thin, pointed bill
- Mostly yellow plumage
- Upperparts greenish-yellow
- Yellowish legs
- Plain yellow face with yellow eye ring
Male
- Golden yellow
- Rusty streaks on breast and flanks
- In the tropical parts of its breeding range this bird (especially the male) may have a chestnut head or crown patch.
Female
- Plain yellow
- Streaks on breast absent or barely present
Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)
Distribution
Breeds within North America from Alaska east across Canada to Newfoundland and south to southern California, northern Oklahoma, and northern Georgia; local in southern Florida; these subspecies which belong to the aestiva group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the Caribbean (the petechia = "golden warbler" group), and in Mexico, Central America and northern South America (the erithachorides = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.
Accidental to Greenland (2 records), Iceland (1 record), and Great Britain (3 records).
Taxonomy
Consists of as many as 43 subspecies.
Subspecies1
- D. p. aequatorialis2 - breeds in the Pearl Islands and adjacent Panama
- D. p. aestiva - breeds across eastern United States west to Montana, Wyoming and eastern Colorado
- D. p. aithocorys - breeds along the pacific coast of Panama from Chiriquí to Coclé
- D. p. albicollis2 - breeds in Hispaniola, Gonâve and adjacent islands
- D. p. alsiosa2' - breeds in the Grenadines
- D. p. amnicola - breeds in boreal Canada from eastern Yukon Territory east to Newfoundland
- D. p. armouri - breeds on Isla Providéncia
- D. p. aureola - breeds on Cocos Island and Galapagos Islands
- D. p. aurifrons2 - breeds coastal Venezuela, Tortuga Islands, and Piritu
- D. p. babad2 - breeds on Saint Lucia
- D. p. banksi - breeds in Alaska (absent from southern coastal region) and west Northwest Territories
- D. p. bartholemica2 - breeds in Montserrat and in the northern Lesser Antilles
- D. p. brewsteri - breeds along coastal Pacific United States
- D. p. bryanti2 - breeds from the Yucatán Peninsula south to Belize and Costa Rica
- D. p. castaneiceps - breeds southern half of Baja California
- D. p. chlora - breeds in the Dominican Republic on some small offshore islands
- D. p. chrysendeta2 - breeds in northeast Colombia (Guajira Peninsula) and northwest Venezuela (Zulia)
- D. p. cienagae2 - breeds in northern Venezuela (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
- D. p. cruciana2 - breeds on Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
- D. p. dugesi2 - breeds central Mexico
- D. p. eoa2 - breeds on Jamaica and Cayman Islands
- D. p. erithachorides2 - breeds coastal Atlantic Panama and northern coastal Colombia
- D. p. flaviceps - breeds in the Bahamas
- D. p. flavida2 - breeds on San Andres Islands
- D. p. parkesi - breeds in far northern Canada from northern Northwest Territories to north-western Ontario
- D. p. gundlachi - breeds at southern tip of Florida and the Keys; also Cuba and the Isle of Pines
- D. p. iguanae - breeds on Isla Iguana
- D. p. jubaris - breeds in coastal Panama
- D. p. melanoptera2 - breeds in Guadeloupe, Dominica and central Lesser Antilles
- D. p. morcomi - breeds in the Rocky Mountain region in Canada and the United States
- D. p. obscura2 - breeds on Islas Los Roques
- D. p. oraria - breeds along the Mexican Gulf Coast
- D. p. paraguanae2 - breeds in northwest Venezuela (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
- D. p. petechia2 - breeds in Barbados
- D. p. peruviana2 - breeds in extreme southwest Colombia (Nariño) to western Ecuador and northern Peru (Lima)
- D. p. phillipsi - breeds from southern Mexico to Honduras
- D. p. rhizophorae - breeds northwestern Mexico mainland coast
- D. p. rubiginosa - breeds along pacific coastal Canada and southern coastal Alaska west to along the Aleutians
- D. p. ruficapilla2 - breeds in Martinique
- D. p. rufivertex2 - breeds on Cozumel Island
- D. p. rufopileata2 - breeds in the Netherlands Antilles
- D. p. solaris - breeds on the Dominican Republic
- D. p. sonorana - breeds in southern Arizona and New Mexico
- D. p. xanthotera2 - breeds along the pacific coast of Guatemala south to Costa Rica
Habitat
In the US, inhabits moist thickets, especially along streams and in swampy areas, gardens, overgrown pastures, and woodland edges, it is more limited to riparian habitat in the west than the east.
The erithachorides group mainly belongs in mangroves, while the petechia group exhibit geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.
Behaviour
Breeding
4 or 5 pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling.
Voice
Song: Bright, musical sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet; there is some geographical variation
Call: A sharp chip
Discussion
This is one of the most widespread New World warblers, showing great geographical variation. In temperate North America the Yellow Warbler is one of the principal victims of the Brown-headed Cowbird, which lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. A cowbird lays only one egg per foster nest, but she may lay eggs in four or five nests in a short time, thus jeopardizing many broods. If the female Yellow Warbler discovers a cowbird parasitizing her nest, she quickly covers the alien egg with a new foundation and lays another clutch. Occasionally a nest is found with up to six layers, each containing one cowbird egg. The situation is equally bad in the tropical part of its distribution, leading to for example the Barbados race being considered endangered due to Shiny Cowbird nest parasitism.
References
- Dunn, Jon; Garrett, Kimball. 1997. A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
- Clements, James F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2007. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801445019
