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Difference between revisions of "Yellow Warbler" - BirdForum Opus

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'''Includes: Mangrove Warbler, Golden Warbler'''
 
'''Includes: Mangrove Warbler, Golden Warbler'''
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
[[Image:Dendroica petechia chlora.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''chlora''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|caribemotion|caribemotion}} <br />Cayos Siete Hermanos, [[Dominican Republic]], 2009]]
+
[[Image:609-07292fg Female Yellow Warbler.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Magee Marsh, [[Ohio]], USA, 10 May 2009]]
 
12·5 cm (5 in); A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.<br />
 
12·5 cm (5 in); A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.<br />
 
*Length 12.5-13 cm, weight 7.4-16 g
 
*Length 12.5-13 cm, weight 7.4-16 g
Line 21: Line 21:
 
*Notice yellow tail spots on undertail (white in most species where present)
 
*Notice yellow tail spots on undertail (white in most species where present)
 
Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)
 
Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)
 +
*Can be confused with some [[Common Yellowthroat|Common Yellowthroats]]; distinguish using structure, especially bill shape. (More extensive/contrasting yellow fringing to flight feathers is not necessarily a reliable character.)
 +
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
−
[[Image:609-07292fg Female Yellow Warbler.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Magee Marsh, [[Ohio]], USA, 10 May 2009]]
+
[[Image:Dendroica petechia chlora.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''chlora''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|caribemotion|caribemotion}} <br />Cayos Siete Hermanos, [[Dominican Republic]], 2009]]
 
Breeds within [[North America]] from [[Alaska]] east across [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]] and south to southern [[California]], northern [[Oklahoma]], and northern [[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; local in southern [[Florida]]; these [[Dictionary P-S#S|subspecies]] which belong to the ''S. p. aestiva'' group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the [[Caribbean]] (the ''S. p. petechia'' = "golden warbler" group), and in [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and northern [[South America]] (the ''S. p. erithachorides'' = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.
 
Breeds within [[North America]] from [[Alaska]] east across [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]] and south to southern [[California]], northern [[Oklahoma]], and northern [[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; local in southern [[Florida]]; these [[Dictionary P-S#S|subspecies]] which belong to the ''S. p. aestiva'' group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the [[Caribbean]] (the ''S. p. petechia'' = "golden warbler" group), and in [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and northern [[South America]] (the ''S. p. erithachorides'' = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.
  
 
Accidental (''S''. [''p''.] ''aestiva'') to [[Greenland]] (2 records), [[Iceland]] (1 record), and [[Great Britain]] (3 records).
 
Accidental (''S''. [''p''.] ''aestiva'') to [[Greenland]] (2 records), [[Iceland]] (1 record), and [[Great Britain]] (3 records).
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
−
Now often split in two species, American Yellow Warbler (''Setophaga aestiva'') and Mangrove Warbler (''Setophaga petechia'')<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>.
+
Sometimes split into two species, American Yellow Warbler (''Setophaga aestiva'') and Mangrove Warbler (''Setophaga petechia'')<sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>. Formerly placed in the genus [[:Category:Dendroica|''Dendroica'']].
−
 
 
−
Formerly placed in the genus [[:Category:Dendroica|''Dendroica'']].
 
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
−
[[Image:35379notsure7.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''S. p. gundlachi''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|mrmike|Mike Patterson}}<br />[[Cuba]], 29 January 2007]]
+
[[Image:35379notsure7.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''S. p. gundlachi''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|mrmike|Mike Patterson}}<br />[[Cuba]], 29 January 2007]]
 
Consists of as many as 34 subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
 
Consists of as many as 34 subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
−
*'''American Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga aestiva'' — breeds North America; strongly migratory, wintering interior northern South America
+
*'''American Yellow Warbler''' ''S. p. aestiva'' Group - breeds North America; strongly migratory, wintering interior northern [[South America]]
−
**''S. p. rubiginosa'' - South [[Alaska]] to western [[British Columbia]]; winters to southern Baja and [[Panama]]
+
**''S. p. rubiginosa'' - South [[Alaska]] to western [[British Columbia]]; winters to southern [[Baja California]] and [[Panama]]
−
**''S. p. amnicola'' - Alaska, [[Canada]] and [[Newfoundland]]; winters to northern [[South America]]
+
**''S. p. amnicola'' - [[Alaska]], [[Canada]] and [[Newfoundland]]; winters to northern [[South America]]
−
**''S. p. aestiva'' - Soouth-central Canada and central [[US]]; winters to South America
+
**''S. p. aestiva'' - South-central [[Canada]] and central [[US]]; winters to [[South America]]
−
**''S. p. morcomi'' - South East [[British Columbia]], western US and northern Baja; winters to northern South America
+
**''S. p. morcomi'' - Southeast [[British Columbia]], western [[US]] and northern [[Baja California]]; winters to northern [[South America]]
−
**''S. p. sonorana'' - South West US to north-western [[Mexico]]; winters to western Panama, [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]
+
**''S. p. sonorana'' - Southwest [[US]] to northwest [[Mexico]]; winters to western [[Panama]], [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]
−
**''S. p. dugesi'' - Central plateau of Mexico
+
**''S. p. dugesi'' - Central plateau of [[Mexico]]
 +
*'''Mangrove Warbler''' ''S. p. erithachorides'' Group - breeds Central America, Caribbean, northern South America; non-migratory
 
[[Image:Unknown little bird.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Male, subspecies ''S. p. aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|5larchfield|5larchfield}}<br />Espanola, [[Galapagos]], 5 December 2007]]
 
[[Image:Unknown little bird.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Male, subspecies ''S. p. aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|5larchfield|5larchfield}}<br />Espanola, [[Galapagos]], 5 December 2007]]
−
[[Image:Yellow Warbler Juvie 72 2468.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''S. p. aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|STEFFRO1|Robert Steffens}}<br />[[Galapagos Islands]], August 2015]]
+
**''S. p. oraria'' - Mangroves of eastern [[Mexico]] (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
−
[[Image:Mangrove Warbler-9 - Copy.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Mangrove Warbler, subspecies ''castaneiceps'' <br />Photo &copy {{user|Thomas+P+Brown|Thomas P Brown}}<br />La Paz, [[Mexico]], 24 March 2016]]
 
−
*'''Mangrove Warbler''' ''Setophaga petechia'' — breeds Central America, Caribbean, northern South America; non-migratory
 
−
**''S. p. oraria'' - Mangroves of eastern Mexico (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
 
 
**''S. p. bryanti'' - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to [[Belize]] and [[Costa Rica]]
 
**''S. p. bryanti'' - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to [[Belize]] and [[Costa Rica]]
−
**''S. p. erithachorides'' - Atlantic coast of Panama and [[Caribbean]] coast of northern Colombia
+
**''S. p. erithachorides'' - Atlantic coast of [[Panama]] and [[Caribbean]] coast of northern [[Colombia]]
−
**''S. p. chrysendeta'' - North East Colombia (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western [[Venezuela]] (Zulia)
+
**''S. p. chrysendeta'' - Northeast [[Colombia]] (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western [[Venezuela]] (Zulia)
−
**''S. p. paraguanae'' - North West Venezuela (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
+
**''S. p. paraguanae'' - Northwest [[Venezuela]] (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
−
**''S. p. cienagae'' - North Venezuela (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
+
**''S. p. cienagae'' - North [[Venezuela]] (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
 
**''S. p. castaneiceps'' - Mangroves of coastal southern [[Baja California]] (south of latitude 27°N)
 
**''S. p. castaneiceps'' - Mangroves of coastal southern [[Baja California]] (south of latitude 27°N)
−
**''S. p. rhizophorae'' - Mangroves of north-western Mexico (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
+
**''S. p. rhizophorae'' - Mangroves of northwest [[Mexico]] (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
−
**''S. p. xanthotera'' - Pacific coast of western [[Guatemala]] to Costa Rica
+
**''S. p. xanthotera'' - Pacific coast of western [[Guatemala]] to [[Costa Rica]]
−
**''S. p. aequatorialis'' - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland Panama
+
**''S. p. aequatorialis'' - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland [[Panama]]
−
**''S. p. peruviana'' - Extreme south-western Colombia (Nariño) to western Ecuador and northern [[Peru]] (Lima)
+
**''S. p. peruviana'' - Extreme southwest [[Colombia]] (Nariño) to western [[Ecuador]] and northern [[Peru]] (Lima)
−
**''S. p. aureola'' - Cocos Islands (off Costa Rica) and [[Galapagos Islands]]
+
*'''Galapagos Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga p. aureola'' Group - Galapagos and Cocos Islands; non-migratory
 +
**''S. p. aureola'' - Cocos Islands (off [[Costa Rica]]) and [[Galapagos Islands]]
 +
*'''Golden Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga p. petichia'' Group - Caribbean Islands; non-migratory
 +
[[Image:Yellow Warbler Juvie 72 2468.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''S. p. aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|STEFFRO1|Robert Steffens}}<br />[[Galapagos Islands]], August 2015]]
 
**''S. p. rufivertex'' - Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo)
 
**''S. p. rufivertex'' - Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo)
 
**''S. p. armouri'' - Isla Providéncia (western Caribbean Sea)
 
**''S. p. armouri'' - Isla Providéncia (western Caribbean Sea)
−
**''S. p. flavida'' - Isla San Andrés (westerb Caribbean Sea)
+
**''S. p. flavida'' - Isla San Andrés (western Caribbean Sea)
−
**''S. p. eoa'' - [[Jamaica]] and [[Cayman Islands]]
+
**''S. p. eoa'' - [[Jamaica]] and [[Cayman Islands]]
 
**''S. p. gundlachi'' - Lower [[Florida]] Keys, [[Cuba]], Isle of Pines and [[Bahamas]]
 
**''S. p. gundlachi'' - Lower [[Florida]] Keys, [[Cuba]], Isle of Pines and [[Bahamas]]
 
**''S. p. albicollis'' - [[Hispaniola]], Gonâve and adjacent islands
 
**''S. p. albicollis'' - [[Hispaniola]], Gonâve and adjacent islands
−
**''S. p.  cruciana - [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Virgin Islands]]
+
**''S. p.  cruciana - [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Virgin Islands]]
−
**''S. p. bartholemica'' - [[Montserrat]] and northern [[Lesser Antilles]]
+
**''S. p. bartholemica'' - [[Montserrat]] and northern [[Lesser Antilles]]
−
**''S. p. melanoptera'' - [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]] and central Lesser Antilles
+
**''S. p. melanoptera'' - [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]] and central Lesser Antilles
 
**''S. p. ruficapilla - [[Martinique]] (Lesser Antilles)
 
**''S. p. ruficapilla - [[Martinique]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. babad'' - [[St. Lucia]] (Lesser Antilles)
+
**''S. p. babad'' - [[St. Lucia]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. petechia'' - [[Barbados]] (Lesser Antilles)
+
**''S. p. petechia'' - [[Barbados]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. alsiosa'' - [[Grenadines]] (Lesser Antilles)
+
**''S. p. alsiosa'' - [[Grenadines]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. rufopileata'' - [[Aruba]], Curaçao, Bonaire, and adjacent islands
+
**''S. p. rufopileata'' - [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Bonaire]], and adjacent islands
−
**''S. p. obscura'' - Islas Los Roques (off northern Venezuela)
+
**''S. p. obscura'' - Islas Los Roques (off northern [[Venezuela]])
−
**''S. p. aurifrons'' - Coastal north-central Venezuela, Islas La Tortuga, Tortuguillas and Piritu
+
**''S. p. aurifrons'' - Coastal north-central Venezuela, Islas La Tortuga, Tortuguillas and Piritu
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
Line 78: Line 79:
 
The Mangrove Warbler is sometimes further subdivided into Mangrove Warbler (''S. p. erithachorides'' group) mainly in mangroves, and Golden Warbler (''S. p. petechia'' group), which exhibits geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.
 
The Mangrove Warbler is sometimes further subdivided into Mangrove Warbler (''S. p. erithachorides'' group) mainly in mangroves, and Golden Warbler (''S. p. petechia'' group), which exhibits geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
−
[[Image:PhoenixAA.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|1micalngelo|1micalngelo}}<br />Story Mill, [[Montana]], 20 June 2020]]
 
 
====Breeding====
 
====Breeding====
−
4 or 5 pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling.
+
[[Image:Mangrove Warbler-9 - Copy.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Mangrove Warbler, subspecies ''castaneiceps'' <br />Photo &copy {{user|Thomas+P+Brown|Thomas P Brown}}<br />La Paz, [[Mexico]], 24 March 2016]]
−
 
+
Four or five pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling. The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds ([[Brown-headed Cowbird]] in temperate North America and [[Shiny Cowbird]] in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she may cover it and lay another clutch.  This strategy is not known in the Far Western part of their range.
−
The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds ([[Brown-headed Cowbird]] in temperate North America and [[Shiny Cowbird]] in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she will cover it and lay another clutch.
+
====Diet====
 +
Feeds mainly on insects  and other arthropods; also some berries. Forages by gleaning, hovering and flycatching.  
 
====Vocalisation====
 
====Vocalisation====
 
'''Song:''' Cheery, melodic ''sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet''; there is some geographical variation<br />
 
'''Song:''' Cheery, melodic ''sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet''; there is some geographical variation<br />
 
'''Call:''' A sharp ''chip''
 
'''Call:''' A sharp ''chip''
 +
====Movements====
 +
Resident in the South.  In the north generally short-distance to long-distance migrants. Vagrant to Britain, Ireland, Iceland, the Azores, Salvages Is and France .
 +
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
[[Image:PhoenixAA.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|1micalngelo|1micalngelo}}<br />Story Mill, [[Montana]], 20 June 2020]]
 
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). ''A Field Guide to Warblers of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
 
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). ''A Field Guide to Warblers of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
−
#{{Ref-GillDonsker14V4.3}}#Lowther, P. E., C. Celada, N. K. Klein, C. C. Rimmer, and D. A. Spector (2020). Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yelwar.01
+
#{{Ref-GillDonskerRasmussen20V10.1}}#Lowther, P. E., C. Celada, N. K. Klein, C. C. Rimmer, and D. A. Spector (2020). Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yelwar.01
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
{{GSearch|Warbler+petechia}}
+
{{GSearch|"Setophaga petechia" {{!}} "Yellow Warbler" {{!}} "Mangrove Warbler" {{!}} "Golden Warbler"}}
 +
<br />
 +
{{VSearch|"Setophaga petechia" {{!}} "Yellow Warbler" {{!}} "Mangrove Warbler" {{!}} "Golden Warbler"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 
<br />
 
<br />
−
{{Video|Yellow_Warbler}}
+
<br />
 +
 
 
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Setophaga]] [[Category:Videos]]
 
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Setophaga]] [[Category:Videos]]

Latest revision as of 19:04, 26 April 2023

Male
Photo © by K & M Egressy
Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada, May 2005
Setophaga petechia

Includes: Mangrove Warbler, Golden Warbler

Identification

Female
Photo © by bobsofpa
Magee Marsh, Ohio, USA, 10 May 2009

12·5 cm (5 in); A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.

  • Length 12.5-13 cm, weight 7.4-16 g
  • Thin, pointed bill
  • Mostly yellow plumage
  • Upperparts greenish-yellow
  • Yellowish legs
  • Plain yellow face with yellow eye ring

Male

  • Golden yellow
  • Rusty streaks on breast and flanks
  • In the tropical parts of its breeding range this bird (especially the male) may have a chestnut head or crown patch.

Female

  • Plain yellow
  • Streaks on breast absent or barely present
  • Notice yellow tail spots on undertail (white in most species where present)

Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)

  • Can be confused with some Common Yellowthroats; distinguish using structure, especially bill shape. (More extensive/contrasting yellow fringing to flight feathers is not necessarily a reliable character.)

Distribution

Subspecies chlora
Photo © by caribemotion
Cayos Siete Hermanos, Dominican Republic, 2009

Breeds within North America from Alaska east across Canada to Newfoundland and south to southern California, northern Oklahoma, and northern Georgia; local in southern Florida; these subspecies which belong to the S. p. aestiva group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the Caribbean (the S. p. petechia = "golden warbler" group), and in Mexico, Central America and northern South America (the S. p. erithachorides = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.

Accidental (S. [p.] aestiva) to Greenland (2 records), Iceland (1 record), and Great Britain (3 records).

Taxonomy

Sometimes split into two species, American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga aestiva) and Mangrove Warbler (Setophaga petechia)3. Formerly placed in the genus Dendroica.

Subspecies

Subspecies S. p. gundlachi
Photo © by Mike Patterson
Cuba, 29 January 2007

Consists of as many as 34 subspecies1:

Male, subspecies S. p. aureola
Photo © by 5larchfield
Espanola, Galapagos, 5 December 2007
    • S. p. oraria - Mangroves of eastern Mexico (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
    • S. p. bryanti - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to Belize and Costa Rica
    • S. p. erithachorides - Atlantic coast of Panama and Caribbean coast of northern Colombia
    • S. p. chrysendeta - Northeast Colombia (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western Venezuela (Zulia)
    • S. p. paraguanae - Northwest Venezuela (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
    • S. p. cienagae - North Venezuela (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
    • S. p. castaneiceps - Mangroves of coastal southern Baja California (south of latitude 27°N)
    • S. p. rhizophorae - Mangroves of northwest Mexico (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
    • S. p. xanthotera - Pacific coast of western Guatemala to Costa Rica
    • S. p. aequatorialis - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland Panama
    • S. p. peruviana - Extreme southwest Colombia (Nariño) to western Ecuador and northern Peru (Lima)
  • Galapagos Yellow Warbler Setophaga p. aureola Group - Galapagos and Cocos Islands; non-migratory
  • Golden Yellow Warbler Setophaga p. petichia Group - Caribbean Islands; non-migratory
Subspecies S. p. aureola
Photo © by Robert Steffens
Galapagos Islands, August 2015

Habitat

In the US, inhabits moist thickets, especially along streams and in swampy areas, gardens, overgrown pastures, and woodland edges, it is more limited to riparian habitat in the west than the east.

The Mangrove Warbler is sometimes further subdivided into Mangrove Warbler (S. p. erithachorides group) mainly in mangroves, and Golden Warbler (S. p. petechia group), which exhibits geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.

Behaviour

Breeding

Mangrove Warbler, subspecies castaneiceps
Photo &copy Thomas P Brown
La Paz, Mexico, 24 March 2016

Four or five pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling. The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds (Brown-headed Cowbird in temperate North America and Shiny Cowbird in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she may cover it and lay another clutch. This strategy is not known in the Far Western part of their range.

Diet

Feeds mainly on insects and other arthropods; also some berries. Forages by gleaning, hovering and flycatching.

Vocalisation

Song: Cheery, melodic sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet; there is some geographical variation
Call: A sharp chip

Movements

Resident in the South. In the north generally short-distance to long-distance migrants. Vagrant to Britain, Ireland, Iceland, the Azores, Salvages Is and France .

References

Photo © by 1micalngelo
Story Mill, Montana, 20 June 2020
  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
  3. Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
  4. Lowther, P. E., C. Celada, N. K. Klein, C. C. Rimmer, and D. A. Spector (2020). Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yelwar.01

Recommended Citation

External Links


GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

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