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Difference between revisions of "Yellow Warbler" - BirdForum Opus

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[[Image:Yellow_Warbler.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Male<br />Photo by {{user|kegressy|kegressy}} <br />Point Pelee, Ontario, [[Canada]]]]
+
[[Image:Yellow_Warbler.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|kegressy|K & M Egressy}} <br />Point Pelee, Ontario, [[Canada]], May 2005]]
−
;[[:Category:Dendroica|Dendroica]] petechia
+
;[[:Category:Setophaga|Setophaga]] petechia
−
'''Includes: Mangrove Warbler'''
+
'''Includes: Mangrove Warbler, Golden Warbler'''
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.<br />
+
[[Image:609-07292fg Female Yellow Warbler.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Magee Marsh, [[Ohio]], USA, 10 May 2009]]
−
*L. 4 in
+
12·5 cm (5 in); A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.<br />
 +
*Length 12.5-13 cm, weight 7.4-16 g
 
*Thin, pointed bill
 
*Thin, pointed bill
 
*Mostly yellow plumage
 
*Mostly yellow plumage
Line 14: Line 15:
 
*Rusty streaks on breast and flanks
 
*Rusty streaks on breast and flanks
 
*In the tropical parts of its breeding range this bird (especially the male) may have a chestnut head or crown patch.  
 
*In the tropical parts of its breeding range this bird (especially the male) may have a chestnut head or crown patch.  
−
[[Image:Dendroica petechia chlora.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''chlora''<br />Photo by {{user|caribemotion|caribemotion}} <br />Cayos Siete Hermanos, [[Dominican Republic]], 2009]]
+
 
 
'''Female'''
 
'''Female'''
 
*Plain yellow
 
*Plain yellow
 
*Streaks on breast absent or barely present
 
*Streaks on breast absent or barely present
 +
*Notice yellow tail spots on undertail (white in most species where present)
 
Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)
 
Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)
 +
*Can be confused with some [[Common Yellowthroat|Common Yellowthroats]]; distinguish using structure, especially bill shape. (More extensive/contrasting yellow fringing to flight feathers is not necessarily a reliable character.)
 +
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
−
Breeds within [[North America]] from [[Alaska]] east across [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]] and south to southern [[California]], northern [[Oklahoma]], and northern [[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; local in southern [[Florida]]; these [[Dictionary M-S#S|subspecies]] which belong to the ''aestiva'' group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the [[Caribbean]] (the ''petechia'' = "golden warbler" group), and in [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and northern [[South America]] (the ''erithachorides'' = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.
+
[[Image:Dendroica petechia chlora.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''chlora''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|caribemotion|caribemotion}} <br />Cayos Siete Hermanos, [[Dominican Republic]], 2009]]
 +
Breeds within [[North America]] from [[Alaska]] east across [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]] and south to southern [[California]], northern [[Oklahoma]], and northern [[:Category:Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; local in southern [[Florida]]; these [[Dictionary P-S#S|subspecies]] which belong to the ''S. p. aestiva'' group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the [[Caribbean]] (the ''S. p. petechia'' = "golden warbler" group), and in [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and northern [[South America]] (the ''S. p. erithachorides'' = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.
  
−
Accidental to [[Greenland]] (2 records), [[Iceland]] (1 record), and [[Great Britain]] (3 records).
+
Accidental (''S''. [''p''.] ''aestiva'') to [[Greenland]] (2 records), [[Iceland]] (1 record), and [[Great Britain]] (3 records).
−
[[Image:609-07292fg Female Yellow Warbler.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Female<br />Photo by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Magee Marsh, [[Ohio]], USA, May 2009]]
 
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
−
Sometimes split in two species, American Yellow Warbler (''Dendroica aestiva'') and Mangrove Warbler (''Dendroica petechia'').
+
Sometimes split into two species, American Yellow Warbler (''Setophaga aestiva'') and Mangrove Warbler (''Setophaga petechia'')<sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>. Formerly placed in the genus [[:Category:Dendroica|''Dendroica'']].
 +
====Subspecies====
 +
[[Image:35379notsure7.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''S. p. gundlachi''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|mrmike|Mike Patterson}}<br />[[Cuba]], 29 January 2007]]
 +
Consists of as many as 34 subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
 +
*'''American Yellow Warbler''' ''S. p. aestiva'' Group - breeds North America; strongly migratory, wintering interior northern [[South America]]
 +
**''S. p. rubiginosa'' - South [[Alaska]] to western [[British Columbia]]; winters to southern [[Baja California]] and [[Panama]]
 +
**''S. p. amnicola'' - [[Alaska]], [[Canada]] and [[Newfoundland]]; winters to northern [[South America]]
 +
**''S. p. aestiva'' - South-central [[Canada]] and central [[US]]; winters to [[South America]]
 +
**''S. p. morcomi'' - Southeast [[British Columbia]], western [[US]] and northern [[Baja California]]; winters to northern [[South America]]
 +
**''S. p. sonorana'' - Southwest [[US]] to northwest [[Mexico]]; winters to western [[Panama]], [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]
 +
**''S. p. dugesi'' - Central plateau of [[Mexico]]
 +
*'''Mangrove Warbler''' ''S. p. erithachorides'' Group - breeds Central America, Caribbean, northern South America; non-migratory
 +
[[Image:Unknown little bird.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Male, subspecies ''S. p. aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|5larchfield|5larchfield}}<br />Espanola, [[Galapagos]], 5 December 2007]]
 +
**''S. p. oraria'' - Mangroves of eastern [[Mexico]] (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
 +
**''S. p. bryanti'' - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to [[Belize]] and [[Costa Rica]]
 +
**''S. p. erithachorides'' - Atlantic coast of [[Panama]] and [[Caribbean]] coast of northern [[Colombia]]
 +
**''S. p. chrysendeta'' - Northeast [[Colombia]] (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western [[Venezuela]] (Zulia)
 +
**''S. p. paraguanae'' - Northwest [[Venezuela]] (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
 +
**''S. p. cienagae'' - North [[Venezuela]] (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
 +
**''S. p. castaneiceps'' - Mangroves of coastal southern [[Baja California]] (south of latitude 27°N)
 +
**''S. p. rhizophorae'' - Mangroves of northwest [[Mexico]] (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
 +
**''S. p. xanthotera'' - Pacific coast of western [[Guatemala]] to [[Costa Rica]]
 +
**''S. p. aequatorialis'' - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland [[Panama]]
 +
**''S. p. peruviana'' - Extreme southwest [[Colombia]] (Nariño) to western [[Ecuador]] and northern [[Peru]] (Lima)
 +
*'''Galapagos Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga p. aureola'' Group - Galapagos and Cocos Islands; non-migratory
 +
**''S. p. aureola'' - Cocos Islands (off [[Costa Rica]]) and [[Galapagos Islands]]
 +
*'''Golden Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga p. petichia'' Group - Caribbean Islands; non-migratory
 +
[[Image:Yellow Warbler Juvie 72 2468.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Subspecies ''S. p. aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|STEFFRO1|Robert Steffens}}<br />[[Galapagos Islands]], August 2015]]
 +
**''S. p. rufivertex'' - Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo)
 +
**''S. p. armouri'' - Isla Providéncia (western Caribbean Sea)
 +
**''S. p. flavida'' - Isla San Andrés (western Caribbean Sea)
 +
**''S. p. eoa'' - [[Jamaica]] and [[Cayman Islands]]
 +
**''S. p. gundlachi'' - Lower [[Florida]] Keys, [[Cuba]], Isle of Pines and [[Bahamas]]
 +
**''S. p. albicollis'' - [[Hispaniola]], Gonâve and adjacent islands
 +
**''S. p.  cruciana - [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Virgin Islands]]
 +
**''S. p. bartholemica'' - [[Montserrat]] and northern [[Lesser Antilles]]
 +
**''S. p. melanoptera'' - [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]] and central Lesser Antilles
 +
**''S. p. ruficapilla - [[Martinique]] (Lesser Antilles)
 +
**''S. p. babad'' - [[St. Lucia]] (Lesser Antilles)
 +
**''S. p. petechia'' - [[Barbados]] (Lesser Antilles)
 +
**''S. p. alsiosa'' - [[Grenadines]] (Lesser Antilles)
 +
**''S. p. rufopileata'' - [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Bonaire]], and adjacent islands
 +
**''S. p. obscura'' - Islas Los Roques (off northern [[Venezuela]])
 +
**''S. p. aurifrons'' - Coastal north-central Venezuela, Islas La Tortuga, Tortuguillas and Piritu
  
−
Consists of as many as 43 subspecies.
 
−
====Subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>====
 
−
*''D. p. aequatorialis<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in the Pearl Islands and adjacent [[Panama]]
 
−
*''D. p. aestiva'' - breeds across eastern United States west to [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]] and eastern [[Colorado]]
 
−
*''D. p. aithocorys'' - breeds along the pacific coast of [[Panama]] from Chiriquí to Coclé
 
−
*''D. p. albicollis<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in [[Hispaniola]], Gonâve and adjacent islands
 
−
*''D. p. alsiosa<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>''' - breeds in the [[Grenadines]]
 
−
*''D. p. amnicola'' - breeds in boreal Canada from eastern [[Yukon Territory]] east to [[Newfoundland]]
 
−
*''D. p. armouri'' - breeds on Isla Providéncia
 
−
*''D. p. aureola'' - breeds on Cocos Island and [[Galapagos Islands]]
 
−
*''D. p. aurifrons<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds coastal [[Venezuela]], Tortuga Islands, and Piritu
 
−
[[Image:35379notsure7.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|mrmike|mrmike}}<br />[[Cuba]], January 2007]]
 
−
*''D. p. babad<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds on [[Saint Lucia]]
 
−
*''D. p. banksi'' - breeds in [[Alaska]] (absent from southern coastal region) and west [[Northwest Territories]]
 
−
*''D. p. bartholemica<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in Montserrat and in the northern [[Lesser Antilles]]
 
−
*''D. p. brewsteri'' - breeds along coastal Pacific [[United States]]
 
−
*''D. p. bryanti<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds from the Yucatán Peninsula south to [[Belize]] and [[Costa Rica]]
 
−
*''D. p. castaneiceps'' - breeds southern half of [[Baja California]]
 
−
*''D. p. chlora'' - breeds in the [[Dominican Republic]] on some small offshore islands
 
−
*''D. p. chrysendeta<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in northeast [[Colombia]] (Guajira Peninsula) and northwest [[Venezuela]] (Zulia)
 
−
*''D. p. cienagae<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in northern [[Venezuela]] (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
 
−
*''D. p. cruciana<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds on [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Virgin Islands]]
 
−
*''D. p. dugesi<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds central [[Mexico]]
 
−
*''D. p. eoa<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds on [[Jamaica]] and [[Cayman Islands]]
 
−
*''D. p. erithachorides<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds coastal Atlantic [[Panama]] and northern coastal [[Colombia]]
 
−
*''D. p. flaviceps'' - breeds in the [[Bahamas]]
 
−
*''D. p. flavida<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds on San Andres Islands
 
−
*''D. p. parkesi'' - breeds in far northern [[Canada]] from northern [[Northwest Territories]] to north-western [[Ontario]]
 
−
*''D. p. gundlachi'' - breeds at southern tip of [[Florida]] and the Keys; also [[Cuba]] and the Isle of Pines
 
−
*''D. p. iguanae'' - breeds on Isla Iguana
 
−
*''D. p. jubaris'' - breeds in coastal [[Panama]]
 
−
*''D. p. melanoptera<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]] and central [[Lesser Antilles]]
 
−
*''D. p. morcomi'' - breeds in the Rocky Mountain region in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]
 
−
*''D. p. obscura<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds on Islas Los Roques
 
−
*''D. p. oraria'' - breeds along the [[Mexico|Mexican]] Gulf Coast
 
−
*''D. p. paraguanae<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in northwest [[Venezuela]] (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
 
−
*''D. p. petechia<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in [[Barbados]]
 
−
*''D. p. peruviana<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in extreme southwest [[Colombia]] (Nariño) to western [[Ecuador]] and northern [[Peru]] (Lima)
 
−
*''D. p. phillipsi'' - breeds from southern [[Mexico]] to [[Honduras]]
 
−
*''D. p. rhizophorae'' - breeds northwestern [[Mexico]] mainland coast
 
−
*''D. p. rubiginosa'' - breeds along pacific coastal [[Canada]] and southern coastal [[Alaska]] west to along the Aleutians
 
−
*''D. p. ruficapilla<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in [[Martinique]]
 
−
*''D. p. rufivertex<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds on Cozumel Island
 
−
*''D. p. rufopileata<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds in the [[Netherlands Antilles]]
 
−
*''D. p. solaris'' - breeds on Gonave and Petit Gonave in [[Haiti]]
 
−
*''D. p. sonorana'' - breeds in southern [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]
 
−
*''D. p. xanthotera<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>'' - breeds along the pacific coast of [[Guatemala]] south to [[Costa Rica]]
 
−
 
−
Placed in genus [[:Category:Setophaga|Setophaga]] by Clements.
 
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
 
In the US, inhabits moist thickets, especially along streams and in swampy areas, gardens, overgrown pastures, and woodland edges, it is more limited to riparian habitat in the west than the east.
 
In the US, inhabits moist thickets, especially along streams and in swampy areas, gardens, overgrown pastures, and woodland edges, it is more limited to riparian habitat in the west than the east.
  
−
The ''erithachorides'' group mainly belongs in mangroves, while the ''petechia'' group exhibit geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.
+
The Mangrove Warbler is sometimes further subdivided into Mangrove Warbler (''S. p. erithachorides'' group) mainly in mangroves, and Golden Warbler (''S. p. petechia'' group), which exhibits geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
 
====Breeding====
 
====Breeding====
−
4 or 5 pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling.
+
[[Image:Mangrove Warbler-9 - Copy.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Mangrove Warbler, subspecies ''castaneiceps'' <br />Photo &copy {{user|Thomas+P+Brown|Thomas P Brown}}<br />La Paz, [[Mexico]], 24 March 2016]]
−
 
+
Four or five pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling. The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds ([[Brown-headed Cowbird]] in temperate North America and [[Shiny Cowbird]] in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she may cover it and lay another clutch.  This strategy is not known in the Far Western part of their range.
−
The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds ([[Brown-headed Cowbird]] in temperate North America and [[Shiny Cowbird]] in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she will cover it and lay another clutch.
+
====Diet====
 +
Feeds mainly on insects  and other arthropods; also some berries. Forages by gleaning, hovering and flycatching.  
 
====Vocalisation====
 
====Vocalisation====
 
'''Song:''' Cheery, melodic ''sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet''; there is some geographical variation<br />
 
'''Song:''' Cheery, melodic ''sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet''; there is some geographical variation<br />
 
'''Call:''' A sharp ''chip''
 
'''Call:''' A sharp ''chip''
 +
====Movements====
 +
Resident in the South.  In the north generally short-distance to long-distance migrants. Vagrant to Britain, Ireland, Iceland, the Azores, Salvages Is and France .
 +
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
# Dunn, Jon; Garrett, Kimball. 1997. ''A Field Guide to Warblers of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
+
[[Image:PhoenixAA.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|1micalngelo|1micalngelo}}<br />Story Mill, [[Montana]], 20 June 2020]]
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug11}}#eNature
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). ''A Field Guide to Warblers of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
 +
#{{Ref-GillDonskerRasmussen20V10.1}}#Lowther, P. E., C. Celada, N. K. Klein, C. C. Rimmer, and D. A. Spector (2020). Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yelwar.01
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
 +
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
{{GSearch|Dendroica+petechia}}
+
{{GSearch|"Setophaga petechia" {{!}} "Yellow Warbler" {{!}} "Mangrove Warbler" {{!}} "Golden Warbler"}}
 +
<br />
 +
{{VSearch|"Setophaga petechia" {{!}} "Yellow Warbler" {{!}} "Mangrove Warbler" {{!}} "Golden Warbler"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 +
<br />
 
<br />
 
<br />
−
{{Video|Yellow_Warbler}}
+
 
−
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Dendroica]] [[Category:Videos]]
+
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Setophaga]] [[Category:Videos]]

Latest revision as of 19:04, 26 April 2023

Male
Photo © by K & M Egressy
Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada, May 2005
Setophaga petechia

Includes: Mangrove Warbler, Golden Warbler

Identification

Female
Photo © by bobsofpa
Magee Marsh, Ohio, USA, 10 May 2009

12·5 cm (5 in); A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.

  • Length 12.5-13 cm, weight 7.4-16 g
  • Thin, pointed bill
  • Mostly yellow plumage
  • Upperparts greenish-yellow
  • Yellowish legs
  • Plain yellow face with yellow eye ring

Male

  • Golden yellow
  • Rusty streaks on breast and flanks
  • In the tropical parts of its breeding range this bird (especially the male) may have a chestnut head or crown patch.

Female

  • Plain yellow
  • Streaks on breast absent or barely present
  • Notice yellow tail spots on undertail (white in most species where present)

Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)

  • Can be confused with some Common Yellowthroats; distinguish using structure, especially bill shape. (More extensive/contrasting yellow fringing to flight feathers is not necessarily a reliable character.)

Distribution

Subspecies chlora
Photo © by caribemotion
Cayos Siete Hermanos, Dominican Republic, 2009

Breeds within North America from Alaska east across Canada to Newfoundland and south to southern California, northern Oklahoma, and northern Georgia; local in southern Florida; these subspecies which belong to the S. p. aestiva group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the Caribbean (the S. p. petechia = "golden warbler" group), and in Mexico, Central America and northern South America (the S. p. erithachorides = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.

Accidental (S. [p.] aestiva) to Greenland (2 records), Iceland (1 record), and Great Britain (3 records).

Taxonomy

Sometimes split into two species, American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga aestiva) and Mangrove Warbler (Setophaga petechia)3. Formerly placed in the genus Dendroica.

Subspecies

Subspecies S. p. gundlachi
Photo © by Mike Patterson
Cuba, 29 January 2007

Consists of as many as 34 subspecies1:

Male, subspecies S. p. aureola
Photo © by 5larchfield
Espanola, Galapagos, 5 December 2007
    • S. p. oraria - Mangroves of eastern Mexico (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
    • S. p. bryanti - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to Belize and Costa Rica
    • S. p. erithachorides - Atlantic coast of Panama and Caribbean coast of northern Colombia
    • S. p. chrysendeta - Northeast Colombia (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western Venezuela (Zulia)
    • S. p. paraguanae - Northwest Venezuela (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
    • S. p. cienagae - North Venezuela (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
    • S. p. castaneiceps - Mangroves of coastal southern Baja California (south of latitude 27°N)
    • S. p. rhizophorae - Mangroves of northwest Mexico (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
    • S. p. xanthotera - Pacific coast of western Guatemala to Costa Rica
    • S. p. aequatorialis - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland Panama
    • S. p. peruviana - Extreme southwest Colombia (Nariño) to western Ecuador and northern Peru (Lima)
  • Galapagos Yellow Warbler Setophaga p. aureola Group - Galapagos and Cocos Islands; non-migratory
  • Golden Yellow Warbler Setophaga p. petichia Group - Caribbean Islands; non-migratory
Subspecies S. p. aureola
Photo © by Robert Steffens
Galapagos Islands, August 2015

Habitat

In the US, inhabits moist thickets, especially along streams and in swampy areas, gardens, overgrown pastures, and woodland edges, it is more limited to riparian habitat in the west than the east.

The Mangrove Warbler is sometimes further subdivided into Mangrove Warbler (S. p. erithachorides group) mainly in mangroves, and Golden Warbler (S. p. petechia group), which exhibits geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.

Behaviour

Breeding

Mangrove Warbler, subspecies castaneiceps
Photo &copy Thomas P Brown
La Paz, Mexico, 24 March 2016

Four or five pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling. The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds (Brown-headed Cowbird in temperate North America and Shiny Cowbird in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she may cover it and lay another clutch. This strategy is not known in the Far Western part of their range.

Diet

Feeds mainly on insects and other arthropods; also some berries. Forages by gleaning, hovering and flycatching.

Vocalisation

Song: Cheery, melodic sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet; there is some geographical variation
Call: A sharp chip

Movements

Resident in the South. In the north generally short-distance to long-distance migrants. Vagrant to Britain, Ireland, Iceland, the Azores, Salvages Is and France .

References

Photo © by 1micalngelo
Story Mill, Montana, 20 June 2020
  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
  3. Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
  4. Lowther, P. E., C. Celada, N. K. Klein, C. C. Rimmer, and D. A. Spector (2020). Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.yelwar.01

Recommended Citation

External Links


GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

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