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Difference between revisions of "Yellow Warbler" - BirdForum Opus

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(Flight picture added. Investigating subspecies)
(Updated subspecies. References updated)
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====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
 
[[Image:35379notsure7.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|mrmike|mrmike}}<br />[[Cuba]], January 2007]]
 
[[Image:35379notsure7.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|mrmike|mrmike}}<br />[[Cuba]], January 2007]]
−
Consists of as many as 43 subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
+
Consists of as many as 34 subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
 
*'''American Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga aestiva'' — breeds North America; strongly migratory, wintering interior northern South America
 
*'''American Yellow Warbler''' ''Setophaga aestiva'' — breeds North America; strongly migratory, wintering interior northern South America
−
**''S. p. rubiginosa'' - breeds along pacific coastal [[Canada]] and southern coastal [[Alaska]] west to along the Aleutians
+
**''S. p. rubiginosa'' - South [[Alaska]] to western [[British Columbia]]; winters to southern Baja and [[Panama]]
−
**''S. p. banksi'' - breeds in [[Alaska]] (absent from southern coastal region) and west [[Northwest Territories]]
+
**''S. p. amnicola'' - Alaska, [[Canada]] and [[Newfoundland]]; winters to northern [[South America]]
−
**''S. p. parkesi'' - breeds in far northern [[Canada]] from northern [[Northwest Territories]] to north-western [[Ontario]]
+
**''S. p. aestiva'' - Soouth-central Canada and central [[US]]; winters to South America
−
**''S. p. amnicola'' - breeds in boreal Canada from eastern [[Yukon Territory]] east to [[Newfoundland]]
+
**''S. p. morcomi'' - South East [[British Columbia]], western US and northern Baja; winters to northern South America
−
**''S. p. aestiva'' - breeds across eastern United States west to [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]] and eastern [[Colorado]]
+
**''S. p. sonorana'' - South West US to north-western [[Mexico]]; winters to western Panama, [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]
−
**''S. p. morcomi'' - breeds in the Rocky Mountain region in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]
+
**''S. p. dugesi'' - Central plateau of Mexico
−
**''S. p. brewsteri'' - breeds along coastal Pacific [[United States]]
 
−
**''S. p. sonorana'' - breeds in southern [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]]
 
−
**''S. p. dugesi'' - breeds central [[Mexico]]
 
 
[[Image:Unknown little bird.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Male, subspecies ''aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|5larchfield|5larchfield}}<br />Espanola, [[Galapagos]], November 2007]]
 
[[Image:Unknown little bird.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Male, subspecies ''aureola''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|5larchfield|5larchfield}}<br />Espanola, [[Galapagos]], November 2007]]
 
[[Image:Yellow Warbler Juvie 72 2468.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|STEFFRO1|STEFFRO1}}<br />[[Galapagos Islands]], August 2015]]
 
[[Image:Yellow Warbler Juvie 72 2468.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|STEFFRO1|STEFFRO1}}<br />[[Galapagos Islands]], August 2015]]
 
[[Image:Mangrove Warbler-9 - Copy.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Mangrove Warbler, subspecies ''castaneiceps'' <br />Photo &copy {{user|Thomas+P+Brown|Thomas P Brown}}<br />La Paz, [[Mexico]], April 2016]]
 
[[Image:Mangrove Warbler-9 - Copy.jpg|thumb|325px|right|Mangrove Warbler, subspecies ''castaneiceps'' <br />Photo &copy {{user|Thomas+P+Brown|Thomas P Brown}}<br />La Paz, [[Mexico]], April 2016]]
 
*'''Mangrove Warbler''' ''Setophaga petechia'' — breeds Central America, Caribbean, northern South America; non-migratory
 
*'''Mangrove Warbler''' ''Setophaga petechia'' — breeds Central America, Caribbean, northern South America; non-migratory
−
**''S. p. oraria'' - breeds along the [[Mexico|Mexican]] Gulf Coast
+
**''S. p. oraria'' - Mangroves of eastern Mexico (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
−
**''S. p. bryanti'' - breeds from the Yucatán Peninsula south to [[Belize]] and [[Costa Rica]]
+
**''S. p. bryanti'' - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to [[Belize]] and [[Costa Rica]]
−
**''S. p. erithachorides'' - breeds coastal Atlantic [[Panama]] and northern coastal [[Colombia]]
+
**''S. p. erithachorides'' - Atlantic coast of Panama and [[Caribbean]] coast of northern Colombia
−
**''S. p. chrysendeta'' - breeds in northeast [[Colombia]] (Guajira Peninsula) and northwest [[Venezuela]] (Zulia)
+
**''S. p. chrysendeta'' - North East Colombia (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western [[Venezuela]] (Zulia)
−
**''S. p. paraguanae'' - breeds in northwest [[Venezuela]] (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
+
**''S. p. paraguanae'' - North West Venezuela (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
−
**''S. p. cienagae'' - breeds in northern [[Venezuela]] (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
+
**''S. p. cienagae'' - North Venezuela (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
−
**''S. p. castaneiceps'' - breeds southern half of [[Baja California]]
+
**''S. p. castaneiceps'' - Mangroves of coastal southern [[Baja California]] (south of latitude 27°N)
−
**''S. p. rhizophorae'' - breeds northwestern [[Mexico]] mainland coast
+
**''S. p. rhizophorae'' - Mangroves of north-western Mexico (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
−
**''S. p. phillipsi'' - breeds from southern [[Mexico]] to [[Honduras]]
+
**''S. p. xanthotera'' - Pacific coast of western [[Guatemala]] to Costa Rica
−
**''S. p. xanthotera'' - breeds along the pacific coast of [[Guatemala]] south to [[Costa Rica]]
+
**''S. p. aequatorialis'' - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland Panama
−
**''S. p. aithocorys'' - breeds along the pacific coast of [[Panama]] from Chiriquí to Coclé
+
**''S. p. peruviana'' - Extreme south-western Colombia (Nariño) to western Ecuador and northern [[Peru]] (Lima)
−
**''S. p. iguanae'' - breeds on Isla Iguana
+
**''S. p. aureola'' - Cocos Islands (off Costa Rica) and [[Galapagos Islands]]
−
**''S. p. aequatorialis'' - breeds in the Pearl Islands and adjacent [[Panama]]
+
**''S. p. rufivertex'' - Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo)
−
**''S. p. jubaris'' - breeds in coastal [[Panama]]
+
**''S. p. armouri'' - Isla Providéncia (western Caribbean Sea)
−
**''S. p. peruviana'' - breeds in extreme southwest [[Colombia]] (Nariño) to western [[Ecuador]] and northern [[Peru]] (Lima)
+
**''S. p. flavida'' - Isla San Andrés (westerb Caribbean Sea)
−
**''S. p. aureola'' - breeds on Cocos Island and [[Galapagos Islands]]
+
**''S. p. eoa'' - [[Jamaica]] and [[Cayman Islands]]
−
**''S. p. ruficapilla'' - breeds in [[Martinique]]
+
**''S. p. gundlachi'' - Lower [[Florida]] Keys, [[Cuba]], Isle of Pines and [[Bahamas]]
−
**''S. p. rufivertex'' - breeds on Cozumel Island
+
**''S. p. albicollis'' - [[Hispaniola]], Gonâve and adjacent islands
−
**''S. p. armouri'' - breeds on Isla Providéncia
+
**''S. p. cruciana - [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Virgin Islands]]
−
**''S. p. flavida'' - breeds on San Andres Islands
+
**''S. p. bartholemica'' - [[Montserrat]] and northern [[Lesser Antilles]]
−
**''S. p. eoa'' - breeds on [[Jamaica]] and [[Cayman Islands]]
+
**''S. p. melanoptera'' - [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]] and central Lesser Antilles
−
**''S. p. gundlachi'' - breeds at southern tip of [[Florida]] and the Keys; also [[Cuba]] and the Isle of Pines
+
**''S. p. ruficapilla - [[Martinique]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. flaviceps'' - breeds in the [[Bahamas]]
+
**''S. p. babad'' - [[St. Lucia]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. albicollis'' - breeds in [[Hispaniola]], Gonâve and adjacent islands
+
**''S. p. petechia'' - [[Barbados]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. chlora'' - breeds in the [[Dominican Republic]] on some small offshore islands
+
**''S. p. alsiosa'' - [[Grenadines]] (Lesser Antilles)
−
**''S. p. solaris'' - breeds on Gonave and Petit Gonave in [[Haiti]]
+
**''S. p. rufopileata'' - [[Aruba]], Curaçao, Bonaire, and adjacent islands
−
**''S. p. bartholemica'' - breeds on [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Virgin Islands]] and in the northern [[Lesser Antilles]]
+
**''S. p. obscura'' - Islas Los Roques (off northern Venezuela)
−
**''S. p. melanoptera'' - breeds in [[Guadeloupe]], [[Dominica]] and central [[Lesser Antilles]]
+
**''S. p. aurifrons'' - Coastal north-central Venezuela, Islas La Tortuga, Tortuguillas and Piritu
−
**''S. p. babad'' - breeds on [[Saint Lucia]]
 
−
**''S. p. petechia'' - breeds on [[Barbados]]
 
−
**''S. p. alsiosa'' - breeds in the [[Grenadines]]
 
−
**''S. p. rufopileata'' - breeds in the [[Netherlands Antilles]]
 
−
**''S. p. obscura'' - breeds on Islas Los Roques
 
−
**''S. p. aurifrons'' - breeds coastal [[Venezuela]], Tortuga Islands, and Piritu
 
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
Line 96: Line 87:
 
'''Call:''' A sharp ''chip''
 
'''Call:''' A sharp ''chip''
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
# Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). ''A Field Guide to Warblers of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}} Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). ''A Field Guide to Warblers of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
−
#{{Ref-GillDonsker14V4.3}}#{{Ref-Clements6thAug17}}
+
#{{Ref-GillDonsker14V4.3}}
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
  

Revision as of 23:33, 4 July 2020

Male
Photo © by kegressy
Point Pelee, Ontario, Canada
Setophaga petechia

Includes: Mangrove Warbler, Golden Warbler

Identification

Subspecies chlora
Photo © by caribemotion
Cayos Siete Hermanos, Dominican Republic, 2009

12·5 cm (5 in); A widespread New World warbler, with great geographical variation.

  • Length 12.5-13 cm, weight 7.4-16 g
  • Thin, pointed bill
  • Mostly yellow plumage
  • Upperparts greenish-yellow
  • Yellowish legs
  • Plain yellow face with yellow eye ring

Male

  • Golden yellow
  • Rusty streaks on breast and flanks
  • In the tropical parts of its breeding range this bird (especially the male) may have a chestnut head or crown patch.

Female

  • Plain yellow
  • Streaks on breast absent or barely present
  • Notice yellow tail spots on undertail (white in most species where present)

Some have pale gray wash to plumage (southwestern US)

Distribution

Female
Photo © by bobsofpa
Magee Marsh, Ohio, USA, May 2009

Breeds within North America from Alaska east across Canada to Newfoundland and south to southern California, northern Oklahoma, and northern Georgia; local in southern Florida; these subspecies which belong to the S. p. aestiva group of subspecies which winters in tropics. Additionally found in a number of largely non-migratory subspecies in the Caribbean (the S. p. petechia = "golden warbler" group), and in Mexico, Central America and northern South America (the S. p. erithachorides = "mangrove warbler" group). In total, there are thirty-four subspecies. The three groups mentioned have previously been considered separate species but are now considered one wide-ranging species.

Accidental (S. [p.] aestiva) to Greenland (2 records), Iceland (1 record), and Great Britain (3 records).

Taxonomy

Now often split in two species, American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga aestiva) and Mangrove Warbler (Setophaga petechia)2.

Formerly placed in the genus Dendroica.

Subspecies

Juvenile
Photo © by mrmike
Cuba, January 2007

Consists of as many as 34 subspecies1:

  • American Yellow Warbler Setophaga aestiva — breeds North America; strongly migratory, wintering interior northern South America
    • S. p. rubiginosa - South Alaska to western British Columbia; winters to southern Baja and Panama
    • S. p. amnicola - Alaska, Canada and Newfoundland; winters to northern South America
    • S. p. aestiva - Soouth-central Canada and central US; winters to South America
    • S. p. morcomi - South East British Columbia, western US and northern Baja; winters to northern South America
    • S. p. sonorana - South West US to north-western Mexico; winters to western Panama, Colombia and Ecuador
    • S. p. dugesi - Central plateau of Mexico
Male, subspecies aureola
Photo © by 5larchfield
Espanola, Galapagos, November 2007
Juvenile
Photo © by STEFFRO1
Galapagos Islands, August 2015
Mangrove Warbler, subspecies castaneiceps
Photo &copy Thomas P Brown
La Paz, Mexico, April 2016
  • Mangrove Warbler Setophaga petechia — breeds Central America, Caribbean, northern South America; non-migratory
    • S. p. oraria - Mangroves of eastern Mexico (southern Tamaulipas to western Tabasco)
    • S. p. bryanti - Mangroves of Yucatán Peninsula to Belize and Costa Rica
    • S. p. erithachorides - Atlantic coast of Panama and Caribbean coast of northern Colombia
    • S. p. chrysendeta - North East Colombia (Guajira Peninsula) and north-western Venezuela (Zulia)
    • S. p. paraguanae - North West Venezuela (Paraguaná Peninsula of Falcón)
    • S. p. cienagae - North Venezuela (coastal Carabobo and Aragua) and offshore islands
    • S. p. castaneiceps - Mangroves of coastal southern Baja California (south of latitude 27°N)
    • S. p. rhizophorae - Mangroves of north-western Mexico (Sonora to Nayarit); winters to Oaxaca
    • S. p. xanthotera - Pacific coast of western Guatemala to Costa Rica
    • S. p. aequatorialis - Pearl Islands and adjacent mainland Panama
    • S. p. peruviana - Extreme south-western Colombia (Nariño) to western Ecuador and northern Peru (Lima)
    • S. p. aureola - Cocos Islands (off Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands
    • S. p. rufivertex - Cozumel Island (off Quintana Roo)
    • S. p. armouri - Isla Providéncia (western Caribbean Sea)
    • S. p. flavida - Isla San Andrés (westerb Caribbean Sea)
    • S. p. eoa - Jamaica and Cayman Islands
    • S. p. gundlachi - Lower Florida Keys, Cuba, Isle of Pines and Bahamas
    • S. p. albicollis - Hispaniola, Gonâve and adjacent islands
    • S. p. cruciana - Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
    • S. p. bartholemica - Montserrat and northern Lesser Antilles
    • S. p. melanoptera - Guadeloupe, Dominica and central Lesser Antilles
    • S. p. ruficapilla - Martinique (Lesser Antilles)
    • S. p. babad - St. Lucia (Lesser Antilles)
    • S. p. petechia - Barbados (Lesser Antilles)
    • S. p. alsiosa - Grenadines (Lesser Antilles)
    • S. p. rufopileata - Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, and adjacent islands
    • S. p. obscura - Islas Los Roques (off northern Venezuela)
    • S. p. aurifrons - Coastal north-central Venezuela, Islas La Tortuga, Tortuguillas and Piritu

Habitat

In the US, inhabits moist thickets, especially along streams and in swampy areas, gardens, overgrown pastures, and woodland edges, it is more limited to riparian habitat in the west than the east.

The Mangrove Warbler is sometimes further subdivided into Mangrove Warbler (S. p. erithachorides group) mainly in mangroves, and Golden Warbler (S. p. petechia group), which exhibits geographical variation in its habitat choice, ranging from mangroves to coastal scrub to highland moist forest depending on the island.

Behaviour

Photo © by 1micalngelo
Story Mill, Montana, 20 June 2020

Breeding

4 or 5 pale blue eggs, thickly spotted with brown, in a well-made cup of bark, plant fibers, and down, placed in an upright fork in a small sapling.

The main species to be paratisized by cowbirds (Brown-headed Cowbird in temperate North America and Shiny Cowbird in tropical areas). If the female finds an alien egg in the nest she will cover it and lay another clutch.

Vocalisation

Song: Cheery, melodic sweet-sweet-sweet, sweeter-than-sweet; there is some geographical variation
Call: A sharp chip

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Dunn, J., & Garrett, K. (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
  1. Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2014. IOC World Bird Names (version 4.3). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.

Recommended Citation

External Links


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