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Difference between revisions of "Osprey" - BirdForum Opus

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(Edit caption on njlarsen ''P. h. carolinensis'' image)
 
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;Pandion haliaetus
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[[File:Osprey_Perched_SEMCL.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|seamichele|seamichele}}<br />Lakeland [[Florida]], [[USA]], 12 December 2020]]
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[[Image:Osprey.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Photo by richard bledsoe
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;[[: Category:Pandion|Pandion]] haliaetus
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Photographed: Lake Murray, La Mesa, California, USA.]]
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==Identification==
 +
[[Image:osprey_alok.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Nominate subspecies in winter area<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />Dist.
 +
Jamnagar, Coastal Gujarat, [[India]], 20 January 2016]]
 +
A medium-large eagle-like raptor, length 55-58 cm (21¾-22¾ in), wingspan 145-170 cm, weight ♂ 1.1-1.7 kg, ♀ 1.4-2.0 kg (nominate ''P. h. haliaetus'')<br />
 +
'''Adult:'''
 +
*Long, slender wings
 +
*Dark brown above
 +
*White with patterning below
 +
*Rather prominent nape crest
 +
*Dark eye-stripe
 +
*Beak is dark
 +
*Eyes yellow
 +
*Talons sharp, with spine-like scales on toes for holding slippery prey.
 +
Sexes are similar except larger '''female''' has more extensive dark markings on chin, breast, and sides of neck. '''Juvenile''' has pale-fringed upperparts and orange eyes although eye color may turn yellowish by early fall.<br />Juvenile also has a buffy wash to the underparts, especially in the underwing [[Topography#General Anatomy|coverts]].
 +
====Similar Species====
 +
[[File:Osprey_IDI.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|IDidiot|IDidiot}}<br />Central West Coast,  [[Florida]], [[USA]], 6 February 2021]]
 +
Distinctive, unlikely to be confused. [[Bald Eagle]] is larger, usually dark-bodied, with adults having all-white head and tail.  It soars with wings nearly flat. At a distance, Osprey may be confused with large, dark-backed gulls, especially adult [[Great Black-backed Gull]], but similar gulls have all-white head and tail, white trailing edge to blackish upperwings, and lack Osprey's prominent crooked wings in flight.
 +
[[Image:Osprey29.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Nominate subspecies, immature in flight<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|targetman|targetman }}<br />[[Lincolnshire]], [[UK]], 21 September 2008]]
 +
==Distribution==
 +
[[North America]], [[Central America]], [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[Eurasia]] and [[Australasia]]. Except for breeding in Australasia, this species breeds in the northern hemisphere and migrates south in winter. See Subspecies, below, for detail.
 +
==Taxonomy==
 +
====Subspecies====
 +
[[Image:PRIMG 1297 osprey 800.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. h. cristatus'' (Eastern Osprey)<br />Photo &copy; by '''[http://www.birdforum.net/member.php?u=16212 Mat & Cathy Gilfedder]'''<br />Currumbin, Gold Coast, Southeast [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], 3 May 2008 ]]
 +
Four<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> to six subspecies are recognised.
 +
*''P. h. haliaetus'' breeds in the [[Palearctic]]
 +
::A widespread breeding summer visitor to much of [[Scandinavia]] and [[Russia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]]. Smaller =isolated pockets of range in [[Scotland]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic States]]. There are also small resident populations further south on the Atlantic coast of southern [[Portugal]], on the Mediterranean coast of [[Spain]], the [[Balearics]] and on [[Corsica]]. Increasing in Scotland since its recolonisation in the 1950s and now breeding in the south, and the first breeding in [[England]] for centuries has taken place. One pair bred in [[Cumbria]] in 2001 and a reintroduction scheme using birds translocated from Scotland led to successful breeding at [[Rutland Water]]. Also in 2002 nest-building occurred for the first time in the [[Netherlands]].
  
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==Appearance==
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[[File: Osprey_P- h- carolinensis_Rear-view_In flight_Cropped_NIELS.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''P. h. carolinensis''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|njlarsen|NJLarsen}}<br /> Kiawah Island, [[South Carolina]], USA, 4 May 2023]]
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Very large raptor, nearly eagle-sized. Wingspan reaches up to 72 inches. Long, slender wings compared to body. Noticeably emarginated primaries at teh wing ends, sometimes pulled together, making the wing appear pointed. Dark brown above, white with patterning below. Has a rather prominant nape crest. Dark eye-stripe is distinctive and noticeable, giving the bird a masked appearance. Male has a cleaner breast with less streaking than on the female. Dark carpal patch, barred tail. Soars and glides with a "kink" in its wings. Beak is dark, eyes yellow. Talons sharp, with scutes for holding slippery prey. Juveniles have pale edgings to their feathers, give them a scaled appearance. Young birds also sport a buffy breast for a time, and have orange eyes.
 
  
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==Range==
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::Occurs as a widespread migrant throughout [[Europe]] with peak passage periods in March-May and August-September. Migrants do not concentrate at particular sites to cross seas as many other raptors do. Most winter in sub-saharan Africa but some in the western Mediterranean, in particular on [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and North-West [[Africa]], also at the head of the Red Sea and in southern [[Iraq]]. Vagrants recorded north to [[Ireland]], [[Iceland]] and [[Faroes]], also on the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]. A widespread breeder across northern [[Asia]] from the Urals east to Kamchatka, Sakhlain and [[Japan]]. Also breeds in the [[Middle East]] mainly on islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.  
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North, Central and South America, Africa, Eurasia and Australasia.  
 
  
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In North America breeds from western Alaska and across much of non-Arctic Canada, and in the USA over much of the north-west as far as southern California. In the east breeds around the Great Lakes, on the east coast south to Florida and west along the Gulf Coast to Mississippi. Also breeds coastally in Mexico in Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa and also on the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula and in adjacent Belize. Elsewhere in the Caribbean breeds in the Bahamas and on Cuba.
+
::A widepread and common winter visitor to [[Africa]] from the [[Palearctic]], most numerous in West Africa but also occurs east to [[Somalia]] and south to the Cape. Breeding range in Africa is restricted the Mediterranean coast of [[Morocco]] and western [[Algeria]] and the Red Sea and has bred on rare occasions in southern [[Africa]]. However, it does breed on the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Cape Verde Islands]] in the Atlantic. Asian birds winter in in [[India]] and southeast [[Asia]] from southern [[China]], [[Taiwan]], Hainan and the [[Philippines]] south to [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]].
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Birds breeding in Florida, Mexico and the Caribbean are resident but further north this is a summer visitor which winters from Mexico, the West Indies and in South America south to central Chile in the west and Uruguay in the east. The Osprey does not breed in South America.  
 
  
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A widepread and common winter visitor to Africa from the Palearctic, most numerous in West Africa but also occurs east to Somalia and south to the Cape. Breeding range in Africa is restricted the Mediterranean coast of Morocco and western Algeria and the Red Sea and has bred on rare occasions in southern Africa. However, it does breed on the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic.
+
*''P. h. carolinensis'' with paler breast-band in [[North America]]
 +
::Breeds from western [[Alaska]] and across much of non-Arctic [[Canada]], and in the [[USA]] over much of the north-west as far as southern [[California]]. In the east breeds around the Great Lakes, on the east coast south to [[Florida]] and west along the Gulf Coast to [[Mississippi]]. Also breeds coastally in [[Mexico]] in [[Baja California]], Sonora, Sinaloa. A summer visitor which winters from Mexico, the [[West Indies]] and in [[South America]] south to central [[Chile]] in the west and [[Uruguay]] in the east.  
  
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In Europe a widespread summer visitor to much of Scandinavia and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Smaller isolated pockets of range in Scotland, Germany, Poland and the Baltic States. There are also small resident populations further south on the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the Balearics and on Corsica. Increasing in Scotland since its recolonisation in the 1950s and now breeding in the south, and the first breeding in England for centuries has  taken place. One pair bred in Cumbria in 2001 and a reintroduction scheme using birds translocated from Scotland led to successful breeding at Rutland Water. Also in 2002 nest-building occurred for the first time in the Netherlands.  
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*''P. h. ridgwayi'' in the [[Caribbean]] with whiter head and breast
 +
::Breeds in [[Florida]], eastern [[Mexico]] on the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula and in adjacent [[Belize]], and the [[Caribbean]] in the [[Bahamas]] and [[Cuba]]; resident. The Osprey does not breed in [[South America]].
  
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Occurs as a widespread migrant throughout Europe with peak passage periods in April-May and August-September. Migrants do not concentrate at particular sites to cross seas as many other raptors do. Most winter in sub-Saharan Africa but some in the western Mediterranean, in particular on Sardinia, Sicily and North-West Africa, also at the head of the Red Sea and in southern Iraq. Vagrants recorded north to Ireland, Iceland and Faroes, also on the Azores and Madeira.  
+
*''P. h. cristatus'' (syn. ''P. h. leucocephalus '') from [[Indonesia]] and [[Australasia]]; smallest, underwing coverts unbarred brownish, head mostly white.  
 +
::Australasian breeders are resident and occur from [[Sulawesi]] and the [[Lesser Sundas]] to [[New Guinea]], the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], [[Solomon Islands]] and [[New Caledonia]]. In [[Australia]] breeds on much of the western and northern coasts and in the east on the coral islands of the Great Barrier Reef. Now rare on the south coast but still breeds in the Spencer Gulf and Adelaide areas.
  
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A widespread breeder across northern Asia from the Urals east to Kamchatka, Sakhlain and Japan. Also breeds in the Middle East mainly on islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Northern birds also winter in these areas and in India and South-East Asian from southern China, Taiwan, Hainan and the Philippines south to Sumatra and Borneo.  
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::Birds from the [[Philippines]] to northern [[Australia]] are sometimes separated as ''P. h. melvillensis'' and those from [[New Caledonia]] as ''P. h. microhaliaetus'' but these races are usually included in ''P. h. cristatus''.
  
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Australasian breeders are resident and occur from Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas to New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands and New Caledonia. In Australia breeds on much of the western and northern coasts and in the east on the coral islands of the Great Barrier Reef. Now rare on the south coast but still breeds in the Spencer Gulf and Adelaide areas.  
+
The main subspecies have in the past been seen as full species, and there are some DNA data that support that view. The most widely followed split is between Australasian birds (as ''P. cristatus'') and the rest; names that have been used for the split species are Eastern Osprey for ''P. cristatus'', and Western Osprey for the rest<sup>[[#References|[6]]]</sup>.
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
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Closely tied to water at all seasons. In the north nests in trees close to medium-large freshwater lakes. In Mexico, the Mediterranean, Middle East and elsewhere nests on rocky islets and cliffs and hunts over the sea. Nests on the ground on some Red Sea islands. Strictly coastal in many areas although will follow large rivers inland in Australia. On passage frequently seen at reservoirs, fish-ponds and estuaries, along sea-coasts and larger rivers.
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Closely tied to water at all seasons.  
 +
==Behaviour==
 +
====Actions====
 +
Among the characteristic behaviors, the one where it hovers over, for example, a clear water lake and then splashes in so that the entire bird seems to disappear may be the most spectacular. Quite often, it will come up again carrying a fish, its main food (see diet).
 +
====Breeding====
 +
Season varies.  Spring and summer in temperate latitude but winter to spring in tropical regions.  Nesting in dispersed pairs or loose colonies. Nest is a large stick platform nest lined with seaweed, bark, leaves, or grass. It is usually placed in a large tree, but they will also use power poles, rocky cliffs, offshore stacks, or on the ground. They readily use artificial platforms erected for their benefit. The same nest may be reused each season with both male and female adding material each season so that the nest may reach enormous size. Clutch size is 2-4 white eggs marked with brown spots and blotches. Incubation is largely by the female and takes 34-43 days.
  
−
==Subspecies==
+
====Diet====
−
Four - six subspecies are recognised. Nominate race breeds in the [[Palearctic]], ''carolinensis'' with paler breast-band in [[North America]], ''ridgwayi'' in the [[Caribbean]] with whiter head and breast; and the smaller ''cristatus'' from [[Australasia]]. Birds from the [[Philippines]] to northern Australia are sometimes separated as ''melvillensis'' and those from [[New Caledonia]] as ''microhaliaetus'' but these races are not universally recognised.
+
Almost entirely fish, but occasionally take snakes, birds, frogs, reptiles, mammals, and crustaceans.  Fish are invariably carried head-first to the nest or other perch. 
 +
====Movements====
 +
Northern populations are long-distance, trans-equatorial migrants. More southerly breeding populations migrate shorter distances or are sedentary.  
 +
====Vocalisation====
 +
Relatively silent away from nest-site, but noisy close to it, with several different vocalizations. Female’s calls generally stronger and lower-pitched than those of male.  Guard Call is a series of slow, whistled notes, falling rapidly in pitch given by both sexes. It has been described as sounding like a whistling kettle taken rapidly off a stove.  Male also gives a screaming call in courtship. 
 +
{{ Audio|Pandion haliaetus (song).mp3 }}
 +
''[[Media:Pandion haliaetus (song).mp3|Osprey sound clip]]''
  
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==Osprey Sighting in Devon==
+
==References==
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I watched an Osprey take a fish close to the west bank of the river Dart above Dittisham on 10 september 2006 while sailing from Dartmouth to Totnes at 16.30 - a facinating and unusual sight as I hadn't heard that the bird range this far south west.
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#Birdforum discussion [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=140585 thread] on Osprey Taxonomy
 +
#Bierregaard, R. O., A. F. Poole, M. S. Martell, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2016). Osprey (''Pandion haliaetus''), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.683
 +
#Global Raptor Information Network. 2019. Species account: Osprey ''Pandion haliaetus''. Downloaded from http://www.globalraptors.org on 26 May. 2019
 +
#Poole, A.F., Kirwan, G.M., Christie, D.A. & Marks, J.S. (2019). Osprey (''Pandion haliaetus''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/52947 on 26 May 2019).  
 +
#{{Ref-GillDonsker19V9.2}}{{ref}}
  
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''Originally posted by '''nre001'''''
+
==External Links==
 +
{{GSearch|"Pandion haliaetus" {{!}} "Pandion cristatus" {{!}} "Osprey"}}
 +
Search for Osprey videos:
 +
{{VSearch|"Pandion haliaetus" {{!}} "Pandion cristatus" {{!}} "Osprey"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
  
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==Ospreys breeding in Cumbria==
+
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Pandion]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] [[Category:Videos]]
−
There has up to now been one breeding pair in Cumbria. The same pair each year. No ring and XS.
 
−
However there are plenty of 'spare ospreys hanging around so there is hope this may increase.
 
−
 
 
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''Originally posted by '''Osprey_watcher'''''
 
−
==Bird Song==
 
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<flashmp3>Pandion haliaetus (song).mp3</flashmp3><br />
 
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''[[Media:Pandion haliaetus (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]''
 
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==External Links==
 
−
*[http://www.birdforum.net/pp_gallery/showgallery.php?mcats=all&si=Pandion%20haliaetus&what=allfields&name=&when=&whenterm= View more images of Osprey in the gallery]
 
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNczf3GJObs BBC footage set to music (!) on Youtube]
 
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*[http://www.aviceda.org/abid/birdimages.php?action=birdspecies&fid=42&bid=556 View more images of this species on the ABID]
 
−
[[Category:Birds]]
 

Latest revision as of 14:22, 27 June 2023

Photo © by seamichele
Lakeland Florida, USA, 12 December 2020
Pandion haliaetus

Identification

Nominate subspecies in winter area
Photo © by Alok Tewari
Dist. Jamnagar, Coastal Gujarat, India, 20 January 2016

A medium-large eagle-like raptor, length 55-58 cm (21¾-22¾ in), wingspan 145-170 cm, weight ♂ 1.1-1.7 kg, ♀ 1.4-2.0 kg (nominate P. h. haliaetus)
Adult:

  • Long, slender wings
  • Dark brown above
  • White with patterning below
  • Rather prominent nape crest
  • Dark eye-stripe
  • Beak is dark
  • Eyes yellow
  • Talons sharp, with spine-like scales on toes for holding slippery prey.

Sexes are similar except larger female has more extensive dark markings on chin, breast, and sides of neck. Juvenile has pale-fringed upperparts and orange eyes although eye color may turn yellowish by early fall.
Juvenile also has a buffy wash to the underparts, especially in the underwing coverts.

Similar Species

Photo © by IDidiot
Central West Coast, Florida, USA, 6 February 2021

Distinctive, unlikely to be confused. Bald Eagle is larger, usually dark-bodied, with adults having all-white head and tail. It soars with wings nearly flat. At a distance, Osprey may be confused with large, dark-backed gulls, especially adult Great Black-backed Gull, but similar gulls have all-white head and tail, white trailing edge to blackish upperwings, and lack Osprey's prominent crooked wings in flight.

Nominate subspecies, immature in flight
Photo © by targetman
Lincolnshire, UK, 21 September 2008

Distribution

North America, Central America, South America, Africa, Eurasia and Australasia. Except for breeding in Australasia, this species breeds in the northern hemisphere and migrates south in winter. See Subspecies, below, for detail.

Taxonomy

Subspecies

P. h. cristatus (Eastern Osprey)
Photo © by Mat & Cathy Gilfedder
Currumbin, Gold Coast, Southeast Queensland, Australia, 3 May 2008

Four[1] to six subspecies are recognised.

A widespread breeding summer visitor to much of Scandinavia and Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Smaller =isolated pockets of range in Scotland, Germany, Poland and the Baltic States. There are also small resident populations further south on the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, the Balearics and on Corsica. Increasing in Scotland since its recolonisation in the 1950s and now breeding in the south, and the first breeding in England for centuries has taken place. One pair bred in Cumbria in 2001 and a reintroduction scheme using birds translocated from Scotland led to successful breeding at Rutland Water. Also in 2002 nest-building occurred for the first time in the Netherlands.
P. h. carolinensis
Photo © by NJLarsen
Kiawah Island, South Carolina, USA, 4 May 2023
Occurs as a widespread migrant throughout Europe with peak passage periods in March-May and August-September. Migrants do not concentrate at particular sites to cross seas as many other raptors do. Most winter in sub-saharan Africa but some in the western Mediterranean, in particular on Sardinia, Sicily and North-West Africa, also at the head of the Red Sea and in southern Iraq. Vagrants recorded north to Ireland, Iceland and Faroes, also on the Azores and Madeira. A widespread breeder across northern Asia from the Urals east to Kamchatka, Sakhlain and Japan. Also breeds in the Middle East mainly on islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
A widepread and common winter visitor to Africa from the Palearctic, most numerous in West Africa but also occurs east to Somalia and south to the Cape. Breeding range in Africa is restricted the Mediterranean coast of Morocco and western Algeria and the Red Sea and has bred on rare occasions in southern Africa. However, it does breed on the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic. Asian birds winter in in India and southeast Asia from southern China, Taiwan, Hainan and the Philippines south to Sumatra and Borneo.
Breeds from western Alaska and across much of non-Arctic Canada, and in the USA over much of the north-west as far as southern California. In the east breeds around the Great Lakes, on the east coast south to Florida and west along the Gulf Coast to Mississippi. Also breeds coastally in Mexico in Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa. A summer visitor which winters from Mexico, the West Indies and in South America south to central Chile in the west and Uruguay in the east.
  • P. h. ridgwayi in the Caribbean with whiter head and breast
Breeds in Florida, eastern Mexico on the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula and in adjacent Belize, and the Caribbean in the Bahamas and Cuba; resident. The Osprey does not breed in South America.
  • P. h. cristatus (syn. P. h. leucocephalus ) from Indonesia and Australasia; smallest, underwing coverts unbarred brownish, head mostly white.
Australasian breeders are resident and occur from Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas to New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands and New Caledonia. In Australia breeds on much of the western and northern coasts and in the east on the coral islands of the Great Barrier Reef. Now rare on the south coast but still breeds in the Spencer Gulf and Adelaide areas.
Birds from the Philippines to northern Australia are sometimes separated as P. h. melvillensis and those from New Caledonia as P. h. microhaliaetus but these races are usually included in P. h. cristatus.

The main subspecies have in the past been seen as full species, and there are some DNA data that support that view. The most widely followed split is between Australasian birds (as P. cristatus) and the rest; names that have been used for the split species are Eastern Osprey for P. cristatus, and Western Osprey for the rest[6].

Habitat

Closely tied to water at all seasons.

Behaviour

Actions

Among the characteristic behaviors, the one where it hovers over, for example, a clear water lake and then splashes in so that the entire bird seems to disappear may be the most spectacular. Quite often, it will come up again carrying a fish, its main food (see diet).

Breeding

Season varies. Spring and summer in temperate latitude but winter to spring in tropical regions. Nesting in dispersed pairs or loose colonies. Nest is a large stick platform nest lined with seaweed, bark, leaves, or grass. It is usually placed in a large tree, but they will also use power poles, rocky cliffs, offshore stacks, or on the ground. They readily use artificial platforms erected for their benefit. The same nest may be reused each season with both male and female adding material each season so that the nest may reach enormous size. Clutch size is 2-4 white eggs marked with brown spots and blotches. Incubation is largely by the female and takes 34-43 days.

Diet

Almost entirely fish, but occasionally take snakes, birds, frogs, reptiles, mammals, and crustaceans. Fish are invariably carried head-first to the nest or other perch.

Movements

Northern populations are long-distance, trans-equatorial migrants. More southerly breeding populations migrate shorter distances or are sedentary.

Vocalisation

Relatively silent away from nest-site, but noisy close to it, with several different vocalizations. Female’s calls generally stronger and lower-pitched than those of male. Guard Call is a series of slow, whistled notes, falling rapidly in pitch given by both sexes. It has been described as sounding like a whistling kettle taken rapidly off a stove. Male also gives a screaming call in courtship. Osprey sound clip

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Birdforum discussion thread on Osprey Taxonomy
  3. Bierregaard, R. O., A. F. Poole, M. S. Martell, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2016). Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.683
  4. Global Raptor Information Network. 2019. Species account: Osprey Pandion haliaetus. Downloaded from http://www.globalraptors.org on 26 May. 2019
  5. Poole, A.F., Kirwan, G.M., Christie, D.A. & Marks, J.S. (2019). Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/52947 on 26 May 2019).
  6. Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2019. IOC World Bird List (v9.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2. Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/

Recommended Citation

External Links

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