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'''Includes several potential species (see Taxonomy section)''' | '''Includes several potential species (see Taxonomy section)''' | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Barn_Owl.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Photo © by {{user|Roy_H|Roy_H}}<br/>Photo taken: Northeast [[Lincolnshire]], [[UK]].]] | |
| − | [[Image:Barn_Owl.jpg|thumb| | ||
;[[:Category:Tyto|Tyto]] alba | ;[[:Category:Tyto|Tyto]] alba | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | A pale, long-winged, long-legged owl with a white, heart-shaped face. | + | It is 29–44 cm (11½-17¼ in) in length, with an 80–95 cm wingspan. |
| − | + | A pale, long-winged, long-legged owl with a white, heart-shaped face. The head and upperparts are buff, and the underparts vary from white to chestnut, depending on subspecies. | |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Widespread but in decline in many areas due to changes in farming practices | + | Widespread but in decline in many areas due to changes in farming practices. |
| − | + | Breeds in the [[British Isles]] (except the north), [[Iberia]] and [[France]] east to the Black Sea and north to the southern shores of the Baltic. In the south found along the north Mediterranean coast east to the Adriatic but very patchy in [[Greece]], also on all major islands including [[Crete]] and [[Cyprus]]. Rare and local in [[Israel]], [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]]. In north [[Africa]] breeds in [[Morocco]], northern [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]], also on the Egyptian coast and in the Nile Delta and Valley. Also breeds on [[Madeira]], the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Cape Verde Islands]]. | |
| − | + | All populations are resident but there is some dispersal of juveniles and vagrants have occurred in Jan Mayen, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] and [[Estonia]], also on the [[Azores]]. | |
| + | Also widespread in the [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | + | [[Image:1102.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|Ron+McCombe|Ron McCombe}}<br />[[Druridge Bay|Cresswell Pond NNR]], [[Northumberland]], February 2009]] | |
| + | Taxonomy confused and confusing with many races of similar appearance. "Traditional" treatment has been to include all in a single taxon but emerging evidence suggests deep molecular divergence between some taxa. In contrast, some taxa which have been excluded seem close to Barn Owl: for example [[Taliabu Masked Owl]] and [[Sulawesi Masked Owl]] (reference [[#References|[4]]]) | ||
| − | + | Race ''detorta'' may warrent species recognition, as also possible for some other races. [[Andaman Masked Owl]] has already been split from these species. Closely related to, and sometimes considered to include, the [[Ashy-faced Owl]] from the [[West Indies]].<br /> | |
| + | IOC and Dickinson split ''Tyto delicatula'' from this species as [[Eastern Barn Owl]] and the Opus follows. | ||
König and Weick in their Owl monograph has split the Barn Owl into several species, which may end up being accepted by other authorities: | König and Weick in their Owl monograph has split the Barn Owl into several species, which may end up being accepted by other authorities: | ||
| − | *Common Barn Owl; Europe, Africa, Asia to [[India]] and [[Malaysia]] | + | *Common Barn Owl; [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]] to [[India]] and [[Malaysia]] |
| − | *American Barn Owl; North and South America | + | *American Barn Owl; [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] |
| − | * | + | *Curaçao Barn Owl; the island of [[Curaçao]] |
*Lesser Antilles Barn Owl; [[Dominica]] and [[St. Vincent]] to [[Grenada]] | *Lesser Antilles Barn Owl; [[Dominica]] and [[St. Vincent]] to [[Grenada]] | ||
*Galapagos Barn Owl; islands in [[Galapagos]] | *Galapagos Barn Owl; islands in [[Galapagos]] | ||
*Cape Verde Barn Owl; the [[Cape Verde]] Islands | *Cape Verde Barn Owl; the [[Cape Verde]] Islands | ||
*Sao Tome Barn Owl; [[Sao Tome]] Island | *Sao Tome Barn Owl; [[Sao Tome]] Island | ||
| − | * | + | *Australian Barn Owl; [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and parts of [[Indonesia]] and [[Polynesia]] |
| − | + | *Boang Barn Owl; Tanga group of [[Bismarck Archipelago]] | |
| − | *Boang Barn Owl; Tanga group of [[ | + | |
| + | In a chapter by Wink et al. included in the book is a comment that the American forms need further study and that further splitting may be in order. | ||
| + | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| + | Clements recognises the following subspecies [[#References|[1]]]: | ||
| + | *''T. a. alba'': West and southern Europe; western Canary Islands and North Africa | ||
| + | *''T. a. guttata'': Central Europe east to south west European USSR and north east Greece | ||
| + | *''T. a. ernesti'': Corsica and Sardinia | ||
| + | *''T. a. erlangeri'': Crete and Cyprus to south west Iran, north east Egypt and southern Arabian Peninsula | ||
| + | *''T. a. schmitzi'': Madeira and Porto Santo Island | ||
| + | *''T. a. gracilirostris'': Eastern Canary Islands (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Alegranza) | ||
| + | *''T. a. poensis'': Sub-Saharan Africa (including Bioko, Zanzibar, and Pemba), the Comoro Islands and Madagascar | ||
| + | *''T. a. detorta'': Cape Verde Islands | ||
| + | *''T. a. thomensis'': São Tomé (Gulf of Guinea) | ||
| + | *''T. a. crassirostris'': Tanga Island (Bismarck Archipelago) | ||
| + | *''T. a. stertens'': Indian subcontinent to north Sri Lanka, south west China and southern Thailand | ||
| + | *''T. a. javanica'': Malay Peninsula to Greater Sundas | ||
| + | *''T. a. sumbaensis'': Sumba (Lesser Sundas) | ||
| + | *''T. a. delicatula'': Timor to Australia, Solomon Islands, Loyalty Islands and Samoa | ||
| + | *''T. a. meeki'': East New Guinea, Manam and Karkar islands | ||
| + | *''T. a. interposita'': North Vanuatu, Santa Cruz Islands and Banks Group | ||
| + | *''T. a. pratincola'': Southern Canada to northern Mexico, Bermuda, Bahamas and Hispaniola | ||
| + | *''T. a. guatemalae'': Western Guatemala to Panama, Pearl Islands and Colombia | ||
| + | *''T. a. bondi'': Bay Islands off northern Honduras (Roatán and Guanaja) | ||
| + | *''T. a. contempta'': West Colombia to Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru | ||
| + | *''T. a. hellmayri'': Guianas to northern Brazil, Margarita Island, Trinidad and Tobago | ||
| + | *''T. a. tuidara'': Brazil south of the Amazon to Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands | ||
| + | *''T. a. furcata'': Cuba, Cayman Islands and Jamaica | ||
| + | *''T. a. bargei'': Curaçao | ||
| + | *''T. a. insularis'': St. Vincent, Bequia, Union, Carriacou and Grenada | ||
| + | *''T. a. nigrescens'': Dominica (Lesser Antilles) | ||
| + | *''T. a. punctatissima'': Galapagos Islands | ||
| + | |||
| + | About 8 races have been described from the Western Palearctic. Some are separable on marked differences in plumage and others on range. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Nominate ''alba'' from Western and Southern [[Europe]] and the Western [[Canary Islands]] is pale above and white below, while ''guttata'' from Central and Eastern Europe (has also been recorded from [[Britain]]) is much greyer above and buff to chestnut below.<br /> | ||
| + | ''T. a. ernesti'' from [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] resembles ''alba'' but is even paler above as is the large race ''erlangeri'' from North [[Africa]], [[Arabia]], [[Crete]] and [[Cyprus]] which also differs in its bare tarsi and toes.<br /> | ||
| + | The main African race, ''affinis'' intergrades with erlangeri in southern [[Egypt]] and resembles ''guttata'' but is larger with deeper colouration and more heavily marked upperparts. <br /> | ||
| + | The [[Madeira|Madeiran]] race ''schmitzi'' resembles ''affinis'' but is smaller with more distinctly spotted and darker underparts, ''gracilirostris'' from [[Fuerteventura]], Lanzarote and Allegranza in the eastern [[Canary Islands]] is very similar but even darker below and has more slender bill and legs. <br /> | ||
| + | Confined to [[Cape Verde Islands]] is the race ''detorta'', like guttata but deeper orange below and more distinctly spotted above with thinly feathered legs. | ||
| − | + | Many other races exist in the remaining part of its range.<br /> | |
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Open country with some trees or rocky outcrops for nesting. In Europe now found mainly on farmland with copses, areas of rough grassland and hedgerows. Often nest in old farm buildings, churches and ruins. | Open country with some trees or rocky outcrops for nesting. In Europe now found mainly on farmland with copses, areas of rough grassland and hedgerows. Often nest in old farm buildings, churches and ruins. | ||
| − | |||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | The diet includes small | + | ====Diet==== |
| − | + | The diet includes small mammals, particularly rodents, and is supplemented with other small vertebrate (such as birds and lizards) and large invertebrate life. A couple of examples: In Denmark, the local Barn Owls seems to strongly rely on Screws which are found in wet fields and marshes.<br /> | |
| − | Typical nest sites include buildings, tree stumps and cliff crevices | + | In [[Florida]], the local American Barn Owl population is particularly strong in an area almost exclusively growing sugar cane, and the main food elements are Cotton Rats, Rice Rats, and Black Rats from these fields and House Mouse from the general area. The prey population drops strongly when the sugar cane is harvested, and Barn Owls that suddenly find themselves in a harvested area have lower nesting success than owls where the harvest happens after the young have fledged. |
| − | + | ====Breeding==== | |
| − | Hunting flight is typically low gliding over fields and hedgerows with intermittent fast, low flapping ranging flight with a banking stoop with spread wings onto prey. Hunts day or night. | + | Typical nest sites include buildings, tree stumps and cliff crevices; Barn Owls will readily use appropriately designed nest boxes. The clutch of 4-7 eggs are incubated for 33 days. The male helps feed the young and the chicks can fly after 9-12 weeks. |
| + | ====Flight==== | ||
| + | Hunting flight is typically low gliding over fields and hedgerows with intermittent fast, low flapping ranging flight with a banking stoop with spread wings onto prey. Hunts day or night, though mainly nocturnal. There seems to be a lot of variation in this between different individuals. This makes monitoring populations problematical. | ||
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
| − | + | {{Audio|Tyto alba (song).mp3}} | |
| − | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | # König, C. and F. Weick 2008. Owls of the World, second edition. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 978-0-7136-6548-2 | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#König, C. and F. Weick 2008. Owls of the World, second edition. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 978-0-7136-6548-2 |
| + | #Martin et al. 2010. Temporal instability of agricultural habitat reduces reproductive success of Barn Owls (''Tyto alba'') AUK 127:909-916 (study area in Florida) | ||
| + | #{{Ref-Eatonetal21}} | ||
| + | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | {{GSearch|Tyto | + | *[http://www.arthurgrosset.com/europebirds/barnowl.html Arthur Grosset's Birds] |
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{GSearch|"Tyto alba" {{!}} "Barn Owl"}} | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | {{VSearch|"Tyto alba" {{!}} "Barn Owl"}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{GS-checked}}1 | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| − | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Tyto]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] | + | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Tyto]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] [[Category:Videos]] |
Latest revision as of 14:55, 25 January 2024
Includes several potential species (see Taxonomy section)
- Tyto alba
Identification
It is 29–44 cm (11½-17¼ in) in length, with an 80–95 cm wingspan. A pale, long-winged, long-legged owl with a white, heart-shaped face. The head and upperparts are buff, and the underparts vary from white to chestnut, depending on subspecies.
Distribution
Widespread but in decline in many areas due to changes in farming practices.
Breeds in the British Isles (except the north), Iberia and France east to the Black Sea and north to the southern shores of the Baltic. In the south found along the north Mediterranean coast east to the Adriatic but very patchy in Greece, also on all major islands including Crete and Cyprus. Rare and local in Israel, Syria and Iraq. In north Africa breeds in Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia, also on the Egyptian coast and in the Nile Delta and Valley. Also breeds on Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands.
All populations are resident but there is some dispersal of juveniles and vagrants have occurred in Jan Mayen, Norway, Finland and Estonia, also on the Azores.
Also widespread in the North and South America, Africa and Asia.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy confused and confusing with many races of similar appearance. "Traditional" treatment has been to include all in a single taxon but emerging evidence suggests deep molecular divergence between some taxa. In contrast, some taxa which have been excluded seem close to Barn Owl: for example Taliabu Masked Owl and Sulawesi Masked Owl (reference [4])
Race detorta may warrent species recognition, as also possible for some other races. Andaman Masked Owl has already been split from these species. Closely related to, and sometimes considered to include, the Ashy-faced Owl from the West Indies.
IOC and Dickinson split Tyto delicatula from this species as Eastern Barn Owl and the Opus follows.
König and Weick in their Owl monograph has split the Barn Owl into several species, which may end up being accepted by other authorities:
- Common Barn Owl; Europe, Africa, Asia to India and Malaysia
- American Barn Owl; North and South America
- Curaçao Barn Owl; the island of Curaçao
- Lesser Antilles Barn Owl; Dominica and St. Vincent to Grenada
- Galapagos Barn Owl; islands in Galapagos
- Cape Verde Barn Owl; the Cape Verde Islands
- Sao Tome Barn Owl; Sao Tome Island
- Australian Barn Owl; Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Indonesia and Polynesia
- Boang Barn Owl; Tanga group of Bismarck Archipelago
In a chapter by Wink et al. included in the book is a comment that the American forms need further study and that further splitting may be in order.
Subspecies
Clements recognises the following subspecies [1]:
- T. a. alba: West and southern Europe; western Canary Islands and North Africa
- T. a. guttata: Central Europe east to south west European USSR and north east Greece
- T. a. ernesti: Corsica and Sardinia
- T. a. erlangeri: Crete and Cyprus to south west Iran, north east Egypt and southern Arabian Peninsula
- T. a. schmitzi: Madeira and Porto Santo Island
- T. a. gracilirostris: Eastern Canary Islands (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Alegranza)
- T. a. poensis: Sub-Saharan Africa (including Bioko, Zanzibar, and Pemba), the Comoro Islands and Madagascar
- T. a. detorta: Cape Verde Islands
- T. a. thomensis: São Tomé (Gulf of Guinea)
- T. a. crassirostris: Tanga Island (Bismarck Archipelago)
- T. a. stertens: Indian subcontinent to north Sri Lanka, south west China and southern Thailand
- T. a. javanica: Malay Peninsula to Greater Sundas
- T. a. sumbaensis: Sumba (Lesser Sundas)
- T. a. delicatula: Timor to Australia, Solomon Islands, Loyalty Islands and Samoa
- T. a. meeki: East New Guinea, Manam and Karkar islands
- T. a. interposita: North Vanuatu, Santa Cruz Islands and Banks Group
- T. a. pratincola: Southern Canada to northern Mexico, Bermuda, Bahamas and Hispaniola
- T. a. guatemalae: Western Guatemala to Panama, Pearl Islands and Colombia
- T. a. bondi: Bay Islands off northern Honduras (Roatán and Guanaja)
- T. a. contempta: West Colombia to Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru
- T. a. hellmayri: Guianas to northern Brazil, Margarita Island, Trinidad and Tobago
- T. a. tuidara: Brazil south of the Amazon to Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands
- T. a. furcata: Cuba, Cayman Islands and Jamaica
- T. a. bargei: Curaçao
- T. a. insularis: St. Vincent, Bequia, Union, Carriacou and Grenada
- T. a. nigrescens: Dominica (Lesser Antilles)
- T. a. punctatissima: Galapagos Islands
About 8 races have been described from the Western Palearctic. Some are separable on marked differences in plumage and others on range.
Nominate alba from Western and Southern Europe and the Western Canary Islands is pale above and white below, while guttata from Central and Eastern Europe (has also been recorded from Britain) is much greyer above and buff to chestnut below.
T. a. ernesti from Corsica and Sardinia resembles alba but is even paler above as is the large race erlangeri from North Africa, Arabia, Crete and Cyprus which also differs in its bare tarsi and toes.
The main African race, affinis intergrades with erlangeri in southern Egypt and resembles guttata but is larger with deeper colouration and more heavily marked upperparts.
The Madeiran race schmitzi resembles affinis but is smaller with more distinctly spotted and darker underparts, gracilirostris from Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Allegranza in the eastern Canary Islands is very similar but even darker below and has more slender bill and legs.
Confined to Cape Verde Islands is the race detorta, like guttata but deeper orange below and more distinctly spotted above with thinly feathered legs.
Many other races exist in the remaining part of its range.
Habitat
Open country with some trees or rocky outcrops for nesting. In Europe now found mainly on farmland with copses, areas of rough grassland and hedgerows. Often nest in old farm buildings, churches and ruins.
Behaviour
Diet
The diet includes small mammals, particularly rodents, and is supplemented with other small vertebrate (such as birds and lizards) and large invertebrate life. A couple of examples: In Denmark, the local Barn Owls seems to strongly rely on Screws which are found in wet fields and marshes.
In Florida, the local American Barn Owl population is particularly strong in an area almost exclusively growing sugar cane, and the main food elements are Cotton Rats, Rice Rats, and Black Rats from these fields and House Mouse from the general area. The prey population drops strongly when the sugar cane is harvested, and Barn Owls that suddenly find themselves in a harvested area have lower nesting success than owls where the harvest happens after the young have fledged.
Breeding
Typical nest sites include buildings, tree stumps and cliff crevices; Barn Owls will readily use appropriately designed nest boxes. The clutch of 4-7 eggs are incubated for 33 days. The male helps feed the young and the chicks can fly after 9-12 weeks.
Flight
Hunting flight is typically low gliding over fields and hedgerows with intermittent fast, low flapping ranging flight with a banking stoop with spread wings onto prey. Hunts day or night, though mainly nocturnal. There seems to be a lot of variation in this between different individuals. This makes monitoring populations problematical.
Vocalisation
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- König, C. and F. Weick 2008. Owls of the World, second edition. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 978-0-7136-6548-2
- Martin et al. 2010. Temporal instability of agricultural habitat reduces reproductive success of Barn Owls (Tyto alba) AUK 127:909-916 (study area in Florida)
- Eaton, JA, B van Balen, NW Brickle, FE Rheindt 2021. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago (Greater Sundas and Wallacea), Second Edition. Lynx Editions. ISBN978-84-16728-44-2
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Barn Owl. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 20 December 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Barn_Owl
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1
