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| − | + | [[Image:Horned_Lark.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Horned Lark ''E. a. alpestris'', adult<br />Photo © by {{user|kegressy|kegressy}} <br />Fisherville, Ontario, [[Canada]] ]] | |
| − | + | '''Includes: Shore Lark''' | |
| − | [[Image:Horned_Lark.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by kegressy <br/> | + | ;[[:Category:Eremophila|Eremophila]] alpestris |
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | + | 14–17 cm (5½-6¾ in) | |
====Adult==== | ====Adult==== | ||
| − | *Pale or dark brown upperparts | + | [[Image:Eremophila flava by IanF.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Shore Lark ''E. a. flava'', adult<br />Photo © by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Seaton Carew, [[Durham]], UK; November 2013]] |
| − | * | + | *Pale or dark brown upperparts. |
| − | *White face and throat | + | *White underparts. |
| − | + | *White or pale yellow face and throat with black mask, collar, and ear tufts. | |
| − | *Tail | + | *Tail brown with white edges. |
| − | Sexes are similar | + | *Sexes are similar |
====Juvenile==== | ====Juvenile==== | ||
*White-spotted brown upperparts, head and face | *White-spotted brown upperparts, head and face | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
*No ear tufts | *No ear tufts | ||
*White underparts with faintly spotted breast | *White underparts with faintly spotted breast | ||
| − | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Circumpolar, | + | [[Image:Eremophila penicillata by baharro.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Caucasian Lark ''E. a. penicillata'', adult - note extensive black mask<br />Photo © by {{user|baharro|baharro}}<br />Aladağlar National Park, Turkey; May 2006]] |
| + | Circumpolar; tundra, and south in mountain plateaux, plains and semi-deserts to the Atlas Mountains in northwest [[Africa]], the Balkans in [[Europe]], the Zagros and Himalaya in [[Asia]], and the northernmost Andes in the [[Americas]]. Arctic populations are strongly migratory, while southern mountain populations are resident or short-distance altitudinal migrants. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| + | Complex. The currently accepted broad circumscription of a single species with 42 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> has recently been shown to leave the species [[Dictionary_P-S#P|paraphyletic]] with respect to the closely related [[Temminck's Lark]]<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>; a split into six species (as arranged below) is likely to be accepted formally in the near future. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Of interest as the sole species of a diverse Old World family to have colonised the New World; a similar example in reverse is the [[Eurasian Wren]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| + | [[Image:1214 Lark, Horned a09 Eremophila alpestris atlas MOR.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Atlas Lark ''E. a. atlas''<br />Photo © by {{user|peterday|Peter Day}}<br />High Atlas Mountains, Morocco; Feb 2018]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Juvshorelark.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''E. a. balcanica'', juvenile<br/>Photo © by {{user|James+Thomas|James Thomas}}<br />[[Macedonia]]]] | ||
| + | [[Image:DJO20190412B.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|DJ+ODonnell|DJ ODonnell}}<br />Rocky Mountain Arsenal NWR, [[Colorado]], 12 April 2019]] | ||
| + | *''atlas'' group ('''Atlas Lark''' ''E. atlas''; Atlas Mountains of north-west Africa; [[Dictionary_M-S#M|Monotypic]].) | ||
| + | **''E. a. atlas'': Atlas Mountains of [[Morocco]] | ||
| + | *''penicillata'' group ('''Caucasian Lark''' ''E. penicillata''; mountains of south-east Europe, south-west Asia; 5 subspecies) | ||
| + | **''E. a. balcanica'': mountains of south-eastern [[Europe]] ([[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], former [[Yugoslavia]], and northern [[Greece]]) | ||
| + | **''E. a. kumerloevei'': west and central [[Asia Minor]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. bicornis'': [[Lebanon]] and south-western [[Syria]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. penicillata'': mountains of eastern [[Asia Minor]], the Caucasus and western [[Iran]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. albigula'': mountains of northern and eastern [[Iran]] to Pamirs, [[Afghanistan]] and western [[China]] | ||
| + | *''longirostris'' group ('''Himalayan Lark''' ''E. longirostris''; Sino-himalayan mountains; 7 subspecies) | ||
| + | **''E. a. longirostris'': north-western [[Himalayas]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. teleschowi'': mountains of western [[China]] (extreme south-eastern Xinjiang) | ||
| + | **''E. a. argalea'': western [[China]] (extreme sw Xinjiang) to northwestern [[India]] (Kashmir to Ladakh) | ||
| + | **''E. a. elwesi'': western [[China]] (southern Qinghai and southern [[Tibet]]) to northern Sikkim | ||
| + | **''E. a. khamensis'': south-western [[China]] (Kham region of western and southern Sichuan) | ||
| + | **''E. a. nigrifrons'': western [[China]] (Kokonor to western Gansu) | ||
| + | **''E. a. przewalskii'': western [[China]] (north-western Qinghai) | ||
| + | *''flava'' group ('''Shore Lark''' ''E. flava''; arctic Eurasia; monotypic) | ||
| + | **''E. a. flava'': arctic Eurasia | ||
| + | *''brandti'' group ('''Steppe Lark''' ''E. brandti''; central Asia; monotypic) | ||
| + | **''E. a. brandti'': steppes of central [[Asia]] to mountains of western [[Mongolia]] and northern [[China]] | ||
| + | *''alpestris'' group ('''Horned Lark''' ''E. alpestris''; Americas; 27 subspecies) | ||
| + | **''E. a. hoyti'': arctic coast of [[North America]] to southern [[Canada]]; winters to northern [[US]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. alpestris'': arctic north-eastern [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]]; winters coastal south-eastern [[US]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. praticola'': south-eastern [[Canada]] to central and east-central [[US]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. giraudi'': coastal prairie region of south-eastern [[Texas]] to eastern [[Mexico]] (north-eastern Tamaulipas)<br /> | ||
| + | **''E. a. arcticola'': north [[Alaska]] to mountains of [[British Columbia]] and northern [[Washington]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. alpina'': arctic-alpine summits of north-western [[US]] (Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens) | ||
| + | **''E. a. leucolaema'': southern [[Canada]] to south-western [[US]] and north-western [[Texas]]; winters north-western [[Mexico]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. enthymia'': great Plains of central [[Canada]] to central [[US]]; winters northern [[Mexico]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. merrilli'': eastern slope of Cascades and adjacent lowlands from [[British Columbia]] to north-eastern [[California]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. lamprochroma'': south-eastern [[Oregon]] to south-western [[Idaho]], north-eastern [[California]] and western [[Nevada]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. utahensis'': south-central [[Idaho]] to east-central [[Nevada]] and west-central [[Utah]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. ammophila'': deserts of south-western [[Nevada]] and south-eastern [[California]]; winters north-western [[Mexico]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. leucansiptila'': [[Colorado]] Desert (south-western [[Nevada]], western [[Arizona]], north-eastern [[Baja California]] and north-western Sonora) | ||
| + | **''E. a. occidentalis'': northern and central [[Arizona]] to north-central [[New Mexico]]; winters northern [[Mexico]]<br /> | ||
| + | **''E. a. strigata'': humid coastal belt of south-western [[British Columbia]] and north-western [[US]] west of the Cascades | ||
| + | **''E. a. sierrae'': mountains of north-eastern [[California]] (southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada) | ||
| + | **''E. a. rubea'': central [[California]] (Sacramento Valley) | ||
| + | **''E. a. actia'': coastal range of southern [[California]] (Humboldt Co.) to northern [[Baja California]] | ||
| + | **''E. a. insularis'': channel Islands (off southern [[California]]) | ||
| + | **''E. a. adusta'': south [[Arizona]] (south of Tucson) to extreme south-western [[New Mexico]] and northern Sonora | ||
| + | **''E. a. enertera'': west-central [[Baja California]] and coastal islands southern of Magdalena Bay | ||
| + | **''E. a. aphrasta'': north-western [[Mexico]] (Chihuahua and Durango) | ||
| + | **''E. a. lactea'': north-eastern [[Mexico]] (Coahuila) | ||
| + | **''E. a. diaphora'': north-eastern [[Mexico]] (south-eastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and north-eastern Puebla) | ||
| + | **''E. a. chrysolaema'': southern [[Mexico|Mexican Plateau]] (Jalisco to Michoacán, Puebla and Veracruz) | ||
| + | **''E. a. oaxacae'': southern [[Mexico]] (east Oaxaca) | ||
| + | **''E. a. peregrina'': eastern Andes of [[Colombia]] | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| − | + | Arctic and alpine tundra, plains, fields, and beaches. | |
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
Adults' diet includes weed and grass seeds; insects are fed to the young. | Adults' diet includes weed and grass seeds; insects are fed to the young. | ||
| + | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
| + | {{ Audio|Eremophila alpestris (song).mp3 }} | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#Drovetski, S. V., Raković, M., Semenov, G., Fadeev, I. V., & Red'kin, Y. A. (2014). Limited phylogeographic signal in sex-linked and autosomal loci despite geographically, ecologically, and phenotypically concordant structure of mtDNA variation in the Holarctic avian genus ''Eremophila''. ''PLoS ONE'' 9 (1): [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0087570&representation=PDF e87570]. | ||
| + | #[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=158417 Birdforum thread] discussing taxonomy of Horned Larks (post #20 ''et seq''. for recent research) | ||
| + | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | + | {{GSearch|"Eremophila alpestris" {{!}} "Horned Lark {{!}} "Shore Lark"}} | |
| − | + | {{GS-checked}} | |
| − | + | <br /> | |
| + | <br /> | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Eremophila]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] | |
| − | [[Category: | ||
Latest revision as of 14:41, 3 November 2022
Includes: Shore Lark
- Eremophila alpestris
Identification
14–17 cm (5½-6¾ in)
Adult
- Pale or dark brown upperparts.
- White underparts.
- White or pale yellow face and throat with black mask, collar, and ear tufts.
- Tail brown with white edges.
- Sexes are similar
Juvenile
- White-spotted brown upperparts, head and face
- White eyebrow
- No ear tufts
- White underparts with faintly spotted breast
Distribution
Caucasian Lark E. a. penicillata, adult - note extensive black mask
Photo © by baharro
Aladağlar National Park, Turkey; May 2006
Photo © by baharro
Aladağlar National Park, Turkey; May 2006
Circumpolar; tundra, and south in mountain plateaux, plains and semi-deserts to the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa, the Balkans in Europe, the Zagros and Himalaya in Asia, and the northernmost Andes in the Americas. Arctic populations are strongly migratory, while southern mountain populations are resident or short-distance altitudinal migrants.
Taxonomy
Complex. The currently accepted broad circumscription of a single species with 42 subspecies[1] has recently been shown to leave the species paraphyletic with respect to the closely related Temminck's Lark[2]; a split into six species (as arranged below) is likely to be accepted formally in the near future.
Of interest as the sole species of a diverse Old World family to have colonised the New World; a similar example in reverse is the Eurasian Wren.
Subspecies
- atlas group (Atlas Lark E. atlas; Atlas Mountains of north-west Africa; Monotypic.)
- E. a. atlas: Atlas Mountains of Morocco
- penicillata group (Caucasian Lark E. penicillata; mountains of south-east Europe, south-west Asia; 5 subspecies)
- E. a. balcanica: mountains of south-eastern Europe (Romania, Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia, and northern Greece)
- E. a. kumerloevei: west and central Asia Minor
- E. a. bicornis: Lebanon and south-western Syria
- E. a. penicillata: mountains of eastern Asia Minor, the Caucasus and western Iran
- E. a. albigula: mountains of northern and eastern Iran to Pamirs, Afghanistan and western China
- longirostris group (Himalayan Lark E. longirostris; Sino-himalayan mountains; 7 subspecies)
- E. a. longirostris: north-western Himalayas
- E. a. teleschowi: mountains of western China (extreme south-eastern Xinjiang)
- E. a. argalea: western China (extreme sw Xinjiang) to northwestern India (Kashmir to Ladakh)
- E. a. elwesi: western China (southern Qinghai and southern Tibet) to northern Sikkim
- E. a. khamensis: south-western China (Kham region of western and southern Sichuan)
- E. a. nigrifrons: western China (Kokonor to western Gansu)
- E. a. przewalskii: western China (north-western Qinghai)
- flava group (Shore Lark E. flava; arctic Eurasia; monotypic)
- E. a. flava: arctic Eurasia
- brandti group (Steppe Lark E. brandti; central Asia; monotypic)
- alpestris group (Horned Lark E. alpestris; Americas; 27 subspecies)
- E. a. hoyti: arctic coast of North America to southern Canada; winters to northern US
- E. a. alpestris: arctic north-eastern Canada to Newfoundland; winters coastal south-eastern US
- E. a. praticola: south-eastern Canada to central and east-central US
- E. a. giraudi: coastal prairie region of south-eastern Texas to eastern Mexico (north-eastern Tamaulipas)
- E. a. arcticola: north Alaska to mountains of British Columbia and northern Washington
- E. a. alpina: arctic-alpine summits of north-western US (Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens)
- E. a. leucolaema: southern Canada to south-western US and north-western Texas; winters north-western Mexico
- E. a. enthymia: great Plains of central Canada to central US; winters northern Mexico
- E. a. merrilli: eastern slope of Cascades and adjacent lowlands from British Columbia to north-eastern California
- E. a. lamprochroma: south-eastern Oregon to south-western Idaho, north-eastern California and western Nevada
- E. a. utahensis: south-central Idaho to east-central Nevada and west-central Utah
- E. a. ammophila: deserts of south-western Nevada and south-eastern California; winters north-western Mexico
- E. a. leucansiptila: Colorado Desert (south-western Nevada, western Arizona, north-eastern Baja California and north-western Sonora)
- E. a. occidentalis: northern and central Arizona to north-central New Mexico; winters northern Mexico
- E. a. strigata: humid coastal belt of south-western British Columbia and north-western US west of the Cascades
- E. a. sierrae: mountains of north-eastern California (southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada)
- E. a. rubea: central California (Sacramento Valley)
- E. a. actia: coastal range of southern California (Humboldt Co.) to northern Baja California
- E. a. insularis: channel Islands (off southern California)
- E. a. adusta: south Arizona (south of Tucson) to extreme south-western New Mexico and northern Sonora
- E. a. enertera: west-central Baja California and coastal islands southern of Magdalena Bay
- E. a. aphrasta: north-western Mexico (Chihuahua and Durango)
- E. a. lactea: north-eastern Mexico (Coahuila)
- E. a. diaphora: north-eastern Mexico (south-eastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and north-eastern Puebla)
- E. a. chrysolaema: southern Mexican Plateau (Jalisco to Michoacán, Puebla and Veracruz)
- E. a. oaxacae: southern Mexico (east Oaxaca)
- E. a. peregrina: eastern Andes of Colombia
Habitat
Arctic and alpine tundra, plains, fields, and beaches.
Behaviour
Diet
Adults' diet includes weed and grass seeds; insects are fed to the young.
Vocalisation
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Drovetski, S. V., Raković, M., Semenov, G., Fadeev, I. V., & Red'kin, Y. A. (2014). Limited phylogeographic signal in sex-linked and autosomal loci despite geographically, ecologically, and phenotypically concordant structure of mtDNA variation in the Holarctic avian genus Eremophila. PLoS ONE 9 (1): e87570.
- Birdforum thread discussing taxonomy of Horned Larks (post #20 et seq. for recent research)
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Horned Lark. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 3 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Horned_Lark
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.
