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Polytypic. Consists of 50+ subspecies. | Polytypic. Consists of 50+ subspecies. | ||
| − | + | *''T.c.abyssinicus'' W coast of Red Sea to head of Gulf of Aden | |
| − | + | *''T.c.kalbaensis'' S coast of Arabian Peninsula to extreme nw [[Oman]] | |
| − | + | *''T.c.vidali'' Peninsular [[India]] (Ratnagiri District) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.davisoni'' Andaman Islands and Cocos Islands (Indian Ocean) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.occipitalis'' Nicobar Islands | |
| − | + | *''T.c.humii'' NW [[India]] to Malay Pen., [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], Mergui Arch. | |
| − | + | *''T.c.armstrongi'' S [[Thailand]] and [[Myanmar]] | |
| − | + | *''T.c.chloropterus'' Islands off w [[Sumatra]] (except Enggano) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.azelus'' Enggano I. (off sw [Sumatra]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.palmeri'' [[Java]], [[Bali]] and adjacent islands in Java Sea | |
| − | + | *''T.c.laubmannianus'' S [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] and adjacent islands | |
| − | + | *''T.c.collaris'' [[Philippines]], Sulu Archipelago and Palawan | |
| − | + | *''T.c.chloris'' [[Sulawesi]] to nw [[New Guinea]] and Lesser Sundas | |
| − | + | *''T.c.pilbara'' W [[Australia]] (Exmouth Gulf to mouth of Turner River) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.sordidus'' S [[New Guinea]], Aru Islands and coastal n [[Australia]] | |
| − | + | *''T.c.colcloughi'' Central [[Queensland]] coast to ne [[New South Wales]] | |
| − | + | ''*T.c.colonus'' Islands off se [[Papua New Guinea]] and Louisiade Archipelago | |
| − | + | *''T.c.teraokai'' Palau Islands (w Caroline Islands) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.owstoni'' N Mariana Islands (Asuncion, Pagan, Almagan and Agrihan) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.albicilla'' S Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian and Aguiguan) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.orii '' Rota I. (s Mariana Islands) | |
| − | + | ''*T.c.matthiae'' St. Matthias Islands (Papua New Guinea) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.stresemanni'' Witu, Umboi and adjacent islands in Dampier Straits | |
| − | + | *''T.c.nusae'' New Ireland (except sw), New Hanover and Feni Islands | |
| − | + | *''T.c.novaehiberniae'' New Ireland (Bismarck Archipelago) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.bennetti'' Nissan I. (e [[Papua New Guinea]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.tristrami'' New Britain (Bismarck Archipelago) | |
| − | + | ''*T.c.alberti'' Buka, Bougainville and [[Solomon Islands]] (east to Guadalcanal) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.mala'' Malaita (e [Solomon Islands]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.sororum'' S [[Solomon Islands]] (Malaupaina and Malaulalo) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.pavuvu'' Pavuvu I. (Russel Group in central [[Solomon Islands]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.solomonis'' [[Solomon Islands]] (Uki Ni Masi, San Cristóbal and Santa Anna) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.amoenus'' [[Solomon Islands]] (Rennell and Bellona) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.brachyurus'' Reef Islands (Fenualoa and Lomlon) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.vicina'' Duff Group (e [[Solomon Islands]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.ornatus'' E [[Solomon Islands]] (Santa Cruz and Tinakula) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.utupuae'' Utupua I. (Santa Cruz Group in e [[Solomon Islands]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.melanoderus'' Vanikolo I. (Santa Cruz Group in e [[Solomon Islands]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.torresianus'' Torres Group (Toga, Loh and Hiu) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.santoensis'' Banks Group to Espíritu Santo and Malo (n Vanuatu) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.juliae'' N and central Vanuatu (Maewo and Aoba islands to Efate) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.erromangae'' Erromango I. (s Vanuatu) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.tannensis'' Tanna I. (s Vanuatu) | |
| − | + | ''*T.c.vitiensis'' [[Fiji]] (Ngau, Ovalau, Koro, Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.eximius'' [[Fiji]] (Kandavu, Ono and Vanua Kula) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.marinus'' Lau Archipelago (e [[Fiji]]) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.sacer'' [[Tonga]] | |
| − | + | *''T.c.regina'' Futuna (Wallis and Futuna, central Polynesia) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.pealei'' Tutuila I. (American Samoa) | |
| − | + | *''T.c.manuae'' American Samoa (Ofu, Olosega and Tau) | |
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==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Revision as of 22:08, 22 November 2009
- Todiramphus chloris
Todirhamphus chloris, Halcyon chloris
Identification
22-29 cm. Blue-green upperparts, white or buff below, white neck collar, black eye stripe, black bill, pale yellow lower mandible. Female - more green. Subspecies vary - white or buff eyestripe, white spot between bill and eye.
Distribution
Taxonomy
Was previously Halcyon chloris. The Sibley-Monroe spelling of the scientific name (Todirhamphus chloris) is incorrect. Clements and Howard & Moore both use Todiramphus chloris. More details in this discussion.
Polytypic. Consists of 50+ subspecies.
- T.c.abyssinicus W coast of Red Sea to head of Gulf of Aden
- T.c.kalbaensis S coast of Arabian Peninsula to extreme nw Oman
- T.c.vidali Peninsular India (Ratnagiri District)
- T.c.davisoni Andaman Islands and Cocos Islands (Indian Ocean)
- T.c.occipitalis Nicobar Islands
- T.c.humii NW India to Malay Pen., Thailand, Myanmar, Mergui Arch.
- T.c.armstrongi S Thailand and Myanmar
- T.c.chloropterus Islands off w Sumatra (except Enggano)
- T.c.azelus Enggano I. (off sw [Sumatra]])
- T.c.palmeri Java, Bali and adjacent islands in Java Sea
- T.c.laubmannianus S Sumatra, Borneo and adjacent islands
- T.c.collaris Philippines, Sulu Archipelago and Palawan
- T.c.chloris Sulawesi to nw New Guinea and Lesser Sundas
- T.c.pilbara W Australia (Exmouth Gulf to mouth of Turner River)
- T.c.sordidus S New Guinea, Aru Islands and coastal n Australia
- T.c.colcloughi Central Queensland coast to ne New South Wales
*T.c.colonus Islands off se Papua New Guinea and Louisiade Archipelago
- T.c.teraokai Palau Islands (w Caroline Islands)
- T.c.owstoni N Mariana Islands (Asuncion, Pagan, Almagan and Agrihan)
- T.c.albicilla S Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian and Aguiguan)
- T.c.orii Rota I. (s Mariana Islands)
*T.c.matthiae St. Matthias Islands (Papua New Guinea)
- T.c.stresemanni Witu, Umboi and adjacent islands in Dampier Straits
- T.c.nusae New Ireland (except sw), New Hanover and Feni Islands
- T.c.novaehiberniae New Ireland (Bismarck Archipelago)
- T.c.bennetti Nissan I. (e Papua New Guinea)
- T.c.tristrami New Britain (Bismarck Archipelago)
*T.c.alberti Buka, Bougainville and Solomon Islands (east to Guadalcanal)
- T.c.mala Malaita (e [Solomon Islands]])
- T.c.sororum S Solomon Islands (Malaupaina and Malaulalo)
- T.c.pavuvu Pavuvu I. (Russel Group in central Solomon Islands)
- T.c.solomonis Solomon Islands (Uki Ni Masi, San Cristóbal and Santa Anna)
- T.c.amoenus Solomon Islands (Rennell and Bellona)
- T.c.brachyurus Reef Islands (Fenualoa and Lomlon)
- T.c.vicina Duff Group (e Solomon Islands)
- T.c.ornatus E Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz and Tinakula)
- T.c.utupuae Utupua I. (Santa Cruz Group in e Solomon Islands)
- T.c.melanoderus Vanikolo I. (Santa Cruz Group in e Solomon Islands)
- T.c.torresianus Torres Group (Toga, Loh and Hiu)
- T.c.santoensis Banks Group to Espíritu Santo and Malo (n Vanuatu)
- T.c.juliae N and central Vanuatu (Maewo and Aoba islands to Efate)
- T.c.erromangae Erromango I. (s Vanuatu)
- T.c.tannensis Tanna I. (s Vanuatu)
*T.c.vitiensis Fiji (Ngau, Ovalau, Koro, Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni)
- T.c.eximius Fiji (Kandavu, Ono and Vanua Kula)
- T.c.marinus Lau Archipelago (e Fiji)
- T.c.sacer Tonga
- T.c.regina Futuna (Wallis and Futuna, central Polynesia)
- T.c.pealei Tutuila I. (American Samoa)
- T.c.manuae American Samoa (Ofu, Olosega and Tau)
Habitat
Coastal areas, mangrove swamps, farmland, open woodland, grassland and gardens.
Behaviour
The diet includes crabs, insects, shrimps, frogs, worms, snails, lizards and small fish.
It nests in holes. 2-7 round whitish eggs are laid and are incubated by both parents. The young fledge about 44 days after hatching.
References
- Clements, JF. 2008. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2008. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019.
