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| − | [[Image:Coal Tit 36.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''P. a. ater''<br />Photo © by {{user|Donald+Talbott|Donald Talbott}}<br />Ribcev-Laz Bohinj, [[Slovenia]], September 2017]] | + | [[Image:Coal Tit 36.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''P. a. ater''<br />Photo © by {{user|Donald+Talbott|Donald Talbott}}<br />Ribcev-Laz Bohinj, [[Slovenia]], 5 September 2017]] |
;[[:Category:Periparus|Periparus]] ater | ;[[:Category:Periparus|Periparus]] ater | ||
''Parus ater''<br /> | ''Parus ater''<br /> | ||
'''Includes: Black-crested Tit''' | '''Includes: Black-crested Tit''' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | [[Image:Coal_Tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. a. britannicus''<br />Photo © by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Hetton Bogs, Co. Durham, [[UK]]]] | + | [[Image:Coal_Tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. a. britannicus''<br />Photo © by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Hetton Bogs, Co. Durham, [[UK]], 30 September 2007]] |
L. 10–12 cm (4-4¾ in) <br /> | L. 10–12 cm (4-4¾ in) <br /> | ||
'''Adult'''<br /> | '''Adult'''<br /> | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
Sometimes still referred to as ''Parus ater''.<br /> | Sometimes still referred to as ''Parus ater''.<br /> | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| − | [[Image:Black-crested_Tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Black-crested Tit<br />Photo © by {{user|Rajiv+Lather|Rajiv Lather}}<br />Narkanda, [[India]]]] | + | [[Image:Black-crested_Tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Black-crested Tit<br />Photo © by {{user|Rajiv+Lather|Rajiv Lather}}<br />Narkanda, [[India]], 17 August 2006]] |
There are 19 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>: | There are 19 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>: | ||
*''P. a. hibernicus'': [[Ireland]] (except extreme north-eastern in County Down) | *''P. a. hibernicus'': [[Ireland]] (except extreme north-eastern in County Down) | ||
| Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
Breeds mainly in conifer woods, often with some taller spruces; locally also in pine or mixed forest. | Breeds mainly in conifer woods, often with some taller spruces; locally also in pine or mixed forest. | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | [[Image:Mar18-493Maroc.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''atlas''<br />Photo © by {{user|MTem|MTem}}<br />High Atlas, [[Morocco]], March 2018]] | + | [[Image:Mar18-493Maroc.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''atlas''<br />Photo © by {{user|MTem|MTem}}<br />High Atlas, [[Morocco]], 15 March 2018]] |
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
Forages (for seeds, insects, spiders) in top of trees and in outer branches. | Forages (for seeds, insects, spiders) in top of trees and in outer branches. | ||
| Line 63: | Line 63: | ||
April to July. Nests in hole, sometimes among tree roots or in rock crevice. Readily uses nest boxes. The nest is made of moss, hair, fur and maybe feathers. The clutch consists of 7-9 white eggs with reddish-brown speckles. They are incubated for around 2 weeks, fledging at 16-19 days. There may be a second brood. | April to July. Nests in hole, sometimes among tree roots or in rock crevice. Readily uses nest boxes. The nest is made of moss, hair, fur and maybe feathers. The clutch consists of 7-9 white eggs with reddish-brown speckles. They are incubated for around 2 weeks, fledging at 16-19 days. There may be a second brood. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | [[Image:IMG 4384a 800.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|gmorgan|gmorgan}}<br />[[The Lodge]], Sandy, [[Bedfordshire]], February 2018]] | + | [[Image:IMG 4384a 800.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|gmorgan|gmorgan}}<br />[[The Lodge]], Sandy, [[Bedfordshire]], 24 February 2018]] |
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#Bird Watching | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#Bird Watching | ||
#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?p=1974144#post1974144 Birdforum thread] | #[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?p=1974144#post1974144 Birdforum thread] | ||
Revision as of 22:20, 18 April 2019
- Periparus ater
Parus ater
Includes: Black-crested Tit
Identification
L. 10–12 cm (4-4¾ in)
Adult
- Large white nape spot
- Black head
- Glossy blue-black head, throat and neck
- White on sides of face
- Double wingbar
- White underparts with buff to rufous shading on flanks
- Black bill
- Lead-coloured legs
- Dark brown eyes
Immature
- Duller than adult
- Black head with no sheen
- White of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow
Similar Species
Great Tit is the most obvious candidate for confusion in Europe
Distribution
Europe and British Isles to eastern Siberia, Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan. Southern limits include north Africa, Caucasus, the Himalayas and southern China.
Resident, but along with Blue Tit is the most mobile tit in autumn, northern populations in some years moving south in large numbers.
Taxonomy
Sometimes still referred to as Parus ater.
Subspecies
There are 19 subspecies[1]:
- P. a. hibernicus: Ireland (except extreme north-eastern in County Down)
- P. a. britannicus: Britain and north-eastern Ireland
- P. a. ater: Continental Europe to Siberia, Mongolia, Sakhalin and north-eastern China
- P. a. vieirae: Iberian Peninsula
- P. a. sardus: Corsica and Sardinia
- P. a. atlas: Northern Morocco
- P. a. ledouci: North Africa (northern Tunisia and northern Algeria)
- P. a. cypriotes: Cyprus
- P. a. moltchanovi: Crimean Peninsula
- P. a. derjugini: Mountains of north-eastern Turkey, western Georgia and Black Sea coast of Russia
- P. a. michalowskii: Caucasus and Transcaucasia
- P. a. phaeonotus: southeastern Azerbaijan, northern Iran, and southwestern Turkmenistan; status in southwestern Iran (Zagros Mountains) unclear, perhaps only a rare nonbreeding visitor
- P. a. rufipectus: Kazakstan (Tien Shan Mountains) to north-western China (Xinjiang)
- P. a. aemodius: Eastern Himalayas to north-eastern Myanmar, Tibet and south-western China
- P. a. pekinensis: North-eastern China (southern Liaoning to Shaanxi and Shantung Peninsula)
- P. a. kuatunensis: Montane forests of south-eastern China (Anhui, Fujian and Zhejiang)
- P. a. ptilosus: Montane forests of Taiwan
- P. a. insularis: Southern Kuril Islands, Japan and Cheju-Do Islands (Korea)
- P. a. melanolophus: In the coniferous forests from eastern Afghanistan to western Nepal (formerly recognised as a full species, Black-crested Tit)
Subspecies P. a. melanolophus was formerly recognised as full species, Black-crested Tit.
Habitat
Breeds mainly in conifer woods, often with some taller spruces; locally also in pine or mixed forest.
Behaviour
Diet
Forages (for seeds, insects, spiders) in top of trees and in outer branches.
The will also cache seeds in crevices[3].
Breeding
April to July. Nests in hole, sometimes among tree roots or in rock crevice. Readily uses nest boxes. The nest is made of moss, hair, fur and maybe feathers. The clutch consists of 7-9 white eggs with reddish-brown speckles. They are incubated for around 2 weeks, fledging at 16-19 days. There may be a second brood.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Bird Watching
- Birdforum thread
- Brazil, M.A. (1991) The Birds of Japan. Smithsonian Inst. Press.
- Gosler, A. & Clement, P. (2019). Coal Tit (Periparus ater). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/59874 on 11 April 2019).
- Harrap, S. & Quinn, D. (1995) Chickadees, Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Princeton Univ. Press.
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Coal Tit. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 19 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Coal_Tit
External Links
