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| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Coal Tit 36.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''P. a. ater''<br />Photo © by {{user|Donald+Talbott|Donald Talbott}}<br />Ribcev-Laz Bohinj, [[Slovenia]], 5 September 2017]] |
;[[:Category:Periparus|Periparus]] ater | ;[[:Category:Periparus|Periparus]] ater | ||
| − | ''Parus ater'' | + | ''Parus ater''<br /> |
| + | '''Includes: Black-crested Tit''' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | L. | + | [[Image:Coal_Tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. a. britannicus''<br />Photo © by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Hetton Bogs, Co. Durham, [[UK]], 30 September 2007]] |
| − | + | L. 10–12 cm (4-4¾ in) <br /> | |
| + | '''Adult'''<br /> | ||
*Large white nape spot | *Large white nape spot | ||
*Black head | *Black head | ||
*Glossy blue-black head, throat and neck | *Glossy blue-black head, throat and neck | ||
*White on sides of face | *White on sides of face | ||
| − | *Double wingbar | + | *Double wingbar: the only tit with this |
*White underparts with buff to rufous shading on flanks | *White underparts with buff to rufous shading on flanks | ||
*Black bill | *Black bill | ||
| − | *Lead | + | *Lead-coloured legs |
*Dark brown eyes | *Dark brown eyes | ||
| − | + | '''Immature'''<br /> | |
*Duller than adult | *Duller than adult | ||
*Black head with no sheen | *Black head with no sheen | ||
*White of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow | *White of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow | ||
| + | ====Similar Species==== | ||
| + | [[Great Tit]] is the most obvious candidate for confusion in [[Europe]] | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Resident, but along with [[Blue Tit]] is the most mobile tit in autumn, | + | [[Image:juv_coal_tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo © by {{user|HelenB|Helen Baines}}<br />Dodd Wood, [[Bassenthwaite Lake]], [[UK]], 23 July 2010]] |
| + | [[Europe]] and [[British Isles]] to eastern [[Siberia]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[China]], [[Taiwan]]. Southern limits include north [[Africa]], [[Caucasus]], the [[Himalayas]] and southern China. <br /> | ||
| + | Resident, but along with [[Blue Tit]] is the most mobile tit in autumn, northern populations in some years moving south in large numbers. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | + | Sometimes still referred to as ''Parus ater''.<br /> | |
| + | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| + | [[Image:Black-crested_Tit.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''p. a. melanolophus'' aka Black-crested Tit<br />Photo © by {{user|Rajiv+Lather|Rajiv Lather}}<br />Narkanda, [[India]], 17 August 2006]] | ||
| + | There are 19 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>: | ||
| + | *''P. a. hibernicus'': [[Ireland]] (except extreme north-eastern in County Down) | ||
| + | *''P. a. britannicus'': [[Britain]] and north-eastern [[Ireland]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. ater'': Continental [[Europe]] to [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]], Sakhalin and north-eastern [[China]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. vieirae'': Iberian Peninsula | ||
| + | *''P. a. sardus'': [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. pekinensis'': North-eastern [[China]] (southern Liaoning to Shaanxi and Shantung Peninsula) | ||
| + | *''P. a. insularis'': Southern Kuril Islands, [[Japan]] and Cheju-Do Islands ([[Korea]]) | ||
| + | *''P. a. atlas'': Northern [[Morocco]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. ledouci'': North [[Africa]] (northern [[Tunisia]] and northern [[Algeria]]) | ||
| + | *''P. a. cypriotes'': [[Cyprus]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. moltchanovi'': Crimean Peninsula | ||
| + | *''P. a. derjugini'': Mountains of north-eastern [[Turkey]], western [[Georgia]] and Black Sea coast of [[Russia]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. michalowskii'': Caucasus and Transcaucasia | ||
| + | *''P. a. phaeonotus'': southeastern [[Azerbaijan]], northern [[Iran]], and southwestern Turkmenistan; status in southwestern [[Iran]] (Zagros Mountains) unclear, perhaps only a rare nonbreeding visitor | ||
| + | *''P. a. melanolophus'': In the coniferous forests from eastern [[Afghanistan]] to western [[Nepal]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. rufipectus'': Kazakstan (Tien Shan Mountains) to north-western [[China]] (Xinjiang) | ||
| + | *''P. a. aemodius'': Eastern [[Himalayas]] to north-eastern [[Myanmar]], [[Tibet]] and south-western [[China]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. kuatunensis'': Montane forests of south-eastern [[China]] (Anhui, Fujian and Zhejiang) | ||
| + | *''P. a. ptilosus'': Montane forests of [[Taiwan]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Subspecies ''P. a. melanolophus'' was formerly recognised as a full species, Black-crested Tit. | ||
| + | |||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Breeds mainly in conifer woods, often with some taller spruces; locally also in pine or mixed forest. | Breeds mainly in conifer woods, often with some taller spruces; locally also in pine or mixed forest. | ||
| − | |||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | Forages (for seeds, insects, spiders) | + | [[Image:Mar18-493Maroc.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''P. a. atlas''<br />Photo © by {{user|MTem|MTem}}<br />High Atlas, [[Morocco]], 15 March 2018]] |
| + | Forages (for seeds, insects, spiders) in top of trees and in outer branches. The will also cache seeds in crevices<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>. | ||
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
| − | Nests in hole, sometimes among tree roots or in rock crevice. | + | April to July. Nests in hole, sometimes among tree roots or in rock crevice. Readily uses nest boxes. The nest is made of moss, hair, fur and maybe feathers. The clutch consists of 7-9 white eggs with reddish-brown speckles. They are incubated for around 2 weeks, fledging at 16-19 days. There may be a second brood. |
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | [[Image:IMG 4384a 800.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|gmorgan|gmorgan}}<br />[[The Lodge]], Sandy, [[Bedfordshire]], 24 February 2018]] | ||
| + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#[https://www.birdwatching.co.uk/ Bird Watching] | ||
| + | #[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?p=1974144#post1974144 Birdforum thread] | ||
| + | #Brazil, M.A. (1991) The Birds of Japan. Smithsonian Inst. Press. | ||
| + | #Gosler, A. & Clement, P. (2019). Coal Tit (''Periparus ater''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/59874 on 11 April 2019). | ||
| + | #Harrap, S. & Quinn, D. (1995) Chickadees, Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Princeton Univ. Press. | ||
| + | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | {{GSearch|Periparus | + | {{GSearch|"Periparus ater" {{!}} "Parus ater" {{!}} "Coal Tit"}} |
| + | {{GS-checked}} | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
| − | + | <br /> | |
| − | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Periparus | + | |
| + | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Periparus]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:55, 23 November 2022
- Periparus ater
Parus ater
Includes: Black-crested Tit
Identification
L. 10–12 cm (4-4¾ in)
Adult
- Large white nape spot
- Black head
- Glossy blue-black head, throat and neck
- White on sides of face
- Double wingbar: the only tit with this
- White underparts with buff to rufous shading on flanks
- Black bill
- Lead-coloured legs
- Dark brown eyes
Immature
- Duller than adult
- Black head with no sheen
- White of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow
Similar Species
Great Tit is the most obvious candidate for confusion in Europe
Distribution
Europe and British Isles to eastern Siberia, Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan. Southern limits include north Africa, Caucasus, the Himalayas and southern China.
Resident, but along with Blue Tit is the most mobile tit in autumn, northern populations in some years moving south in large numbers.
Taxonomy
Sometimes still referred to as Parus ater.
Subspecies
Subspecies p. a. melanolophus aka Black-crested Tit
Photo © by Rajiv Lather
Narkanda, India, 17 August 2006
Photo © by Rajiv Lather
Narkanda, India, 17 August 2006
There are 19 subspecies[1]:
- P. a. hibernicus: Ireland (except extreme north-eastern in County Down)
- P. a. britannicus: Britain and north-eastern Ireland
- P. a. ater: Continental Europe to Siberia, Mongolia, Sakhalin and north-eastern China
- P. a. vieirae: Iberian Peninsula
- P. a. sardus: Corsica and Sardinia
- P. a. pekinensis: North-eastern China (southern Liaoning to Shaanxi and Shantung Peninsula)
- P. a. insularis: Southern Kuril Islands, Japan and Cheju-Do Islands (Korea)
- P. a. atlas: Northern Morocco
- P. a. ledouci: North Africa (northern Tunisia and northern Algeria)
- P. a. cypriotes: Cyprus
- P. a. moltchanovi: Crimean Peninsula
- P. a. derjugini: Mountains of north-eastern Turkey, western Georgia and Black Sea coast of Russia
- P. a. michalowskii: Caucasus and Transcaucasia
- P. a. phaeonotus: southeastern Azerbaijan, northern Iran, and southwestern Turkmenistan; status in southwestern Iran (Zagros Mountains) unclear, perhaps only a rare nonbreeding visitor
- P. a. melanolophus: In the coniferous forests from eastern Afghanistan to western Nepal
- P. a. rufipectus: Kazakstan (Tien Shan Mountains) to north-western China (Xinjiang)
- P. a. aemodius: Eastern Himalayas to north-eastern Myanmar, Tibet and south-western China
- P. a. kuatunensis: Montane forests of south-eastern China (Anhui, Fujian and Zhejiang)
- P. a. ptilosus: Montane forests of Taiwan
Subspecies P. a. melanolophus was formerly recognised as a full species, Black-crested Tit.
Habitat
Breeds mainly in conifer woods, often with some taller spruces; locally also in pine or mixed forest.
Behaviour
Diet
Forages (for seeds, insects, spiders) in top of trees and in outer branches. The will also cache seeds in crevices[3].
Breeding
April to July. Nests in hole, sometimes among tree roots or in rock crevice. Readily uses nest boxes. The nest is made of moss, hair, fur and maybe feathers. The clutch consists of 7-9 white eggs with reddish-brown speckles. They are incubated for around 2 weeks, fledging at 16-19 days. There may be a second brood.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Bird Watching
- Birdforum thread
- Brazil, M.A. (1991) The Birds of Japan. Smithsonian Inst. Press.
- Gosler, A. & Clement, P. (2019). Coal Tit (Periparus ater). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/59874 on 11 April 2019).
- Harrap, S. & Quinn, D. (1995) Chickadees, Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Princeton Univ. Press.
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Coal Tit. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 2 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Coal_Tit
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.
