m (→Taxonomy) |
(Some of the deleted text replaced (Distribution). Picture sizes and placement, Reference heading) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Alternative name: Orange-headed Ground-Thrush''' | '''Alternative name: Orange-headed Ground-Thrush''' | ||
| + | [[Image:Orange-headed Thrush.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Male, race ''innotata''<br />Photo by {{user|jaray|jaray}}<br />[[Khao Yai National Park]], [[Thailand]].]] | ||
;[[:Category:Zoothera|Zoothera]] citrina | ;[[:Category:Zoothera|Zoothera]] citrina | ||
| − | + | ||
Includes the White-headed Ground Thrush (''Zoothera albogularis''); not to be confused with the [[White-throated Thrush]] from the Americas. | Includes the White-headed Ground Thrush (''Zoothera albogularis''); not to be confused with the [[White-throated Thrush]] from the Americas. | ||
| Line 8: | Line 9: | ||
Total length 20-23 cm (8-9 in). Males of this small thrush have uniform grey upperparts and orange head and underparts. Females and sub-adults have olive-brown upperparts and tail. The racial variation is striking (''see [[Orange-headed_Thrush#Taxonomy|taxonomy]]''), especially in the presence/absence of a white wing-bar and the facial features. Some races have a uniform orange head, some have a slightly duller throat and face with two vertical dark lines (one below the eye and a second on the auriculars), while other have a white face and throat with or without two vertical dark facial lines. Juveniles of all races have dark facial lines and duller upperparts and underparts with some streaking/mottling. | Total length 20-23 cm (8-9 in). Males of this small thrush have uniform grey upperparts and orange head and underparts. Females and sub-adults have olive-brown upperparts and tail. The racial variation is striking (''see [[Orange-headed_Thrush#Taxonomy|taxonomy]]''), especially in the presence/absence of a white wing-bar and the facial features. Some races have a uniform orange head, some have a slightly duller throat and face with two vertical dark lines (one below the eye and a second on the auriculars), while other have a white face and throat with or without two vertical dark facial lines. Juveniles of all races have dark facial lines and duller upperparts and underparts with some streaking/mottling. | ||
| − | [[Image:Female_Orange-headed_gt.jpg|thumb| | + | [[Image:Female_Orange-headed_gt.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Female race ''melli''<br />Photo by {{user|anonymous_guy|anonymous_guy}}<br />Lamma Island, [[Hong Kong]]]] |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | [[India]], [[China]], mainland southeast [[Asia]], northern [[Borneo]], [[Java]] and [[Bali]]. | + | Found in well-wooded areas of the [[India|Indian]] subcontinent, southern [[China]], mainland southeast [[Asia]], northern [[Borneo]], [[Java]] and [[Bali]]. |
| + | There are also a few records of migrants from [[Sumatra]]. Often local and scarse, but commoner in parts of the India. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Tropical races are generally resident, but races that breed in colder regions (e.g. the [[Himalayas]] and parts of China) are migratory and winter further south. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | + | It has been suggested that some taxa should be considered separate species. Especially ''albogularis'' and ''andamanensis'' (from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands), the only white-faced and -throated taxa with faint or no vertical dark facial lines, are regularly considered a separate species; the White-throated Ground Thrush (''Z. albogularis'' with race ''andamanensis''). Other separations have been suggested, but the variation is confusing with similar-looking races often found far from each other.<br /> | |
Also placed in genus [[:Category:Geokichla|Geokichla]]. | Also placed in genus [[:Category:Geokichla|Geokichla]]. | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Male_Orange-headed_gt.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male race ''cyanota''<br />Photo by {{user|Pradyumna+Mohan|Pradyumna Mohan}}<br />Karnataka, [[India]]]] | |
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Found in forest, plantations and secondary growth with some thickets. | Found in forest, plantations and secondary growth with some thickets. | ||
| Line 22: | Line 26: | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
Like most ''Zoothera'' thrushes it can be quite secretive. At least partially crepuscular. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and fruit. They nest in trees. They do not form flocks. | Like most ''Zoothera'' thrushes it can be quite secretive. At least partially crepuscular. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and fruit. They nest in trees. They do not form flocks. | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | {{ref}} | ||
| − | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
{{GSearch|Zoothera+citrina}} | {{GSearch|Zoothera+citrina}} | ||
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Zoothera]] | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Zoothera]] | ||
Revision as of 20:11, 31 July 2012
Alternative name: Orange-headed Ground-Thrush
- Zoothera citrina
Includes the White-headed Ground Thrush (Zoothera albogularis); not to be confused with the White-throated Thrush from the Americas.
Identification
Total length 20-23 cm (8-9 in). Males of this small thrush have uniform grey upperparts and orange head and underparts. Females and sub-adults have olive-brown upperparts and tail. The racial variation is striking (see taxonomy), especially in the presence/absence of a white wing-bar and the facial features. Some races have a uniform orange head, some have a slightly duller throat and face with two vertical dark lines (one below the eye and a second on the auriculars), while other have a white face and throat with or without two vertical dark facial lines. Juveniles of all races have dark facial lines and duller upperparts and underparts with some streaking/mottling.
Distribution
Found in well-wooded areas of the Indian subcontinent, southern China, mainland southeast Asia, northern Borneo, Java and Bali.
There are also a few records of migrants from Sumatra. Often local and scarse, but commoner in parts of the India.
Tropical races are generally resident, but races that breed in colder regions (e.g. the Himalayas and parts of China) are migratory and winter further south.
Taxonomy
It has been suggested that some taxa should be considered separate species. Especially albogularis and andamanensis (from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands), the only white-faced and -throated taxa with faint or no vertical dark facial lines, are regularly considered a separate species; the White-throated Ground Thrush (Z. albogularis with race andamanensis). Other separations have been suggested, but the variation is confusing with similar-looking races often found far from each other.
Also placed in genus Geokichla.
Habitat
Found in forest, plantations and secondary growth with some thickets.
Behaviour
Like most Zoothera thrushes it can be quite secretive. At least partially crepuscular. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and fruit. They nest in trees. They do not form flocks.
References
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Orange-headed Thrush. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 12 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Orange-headed_Thrush
