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− | [[Image:Dunlin.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user| | + | [[Image:Dunlin summer adult, Svalbard.jpg|thumb|550px|right|'C. a. alpina'' summer adult<br />Photo by {{user|steinn|Steinn}}<br />Svalbard, [[Norway]], 3 August 2012]] |
;[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]] alpina | ;[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]] alpina | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
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*White sides to rump and tail | *White sides to rump and tail | ||
*White breast with darker streaks | *White breast with darker streaks | ||
− | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Dunlin.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|CJW|CJW}}<br />Smeale, [[Isle of Man]], 31 July 2004]] |
*Black belly | *Black belly | ||
*White undertail [[Topography#General Anatomy|coverts]]<br /> | *White undertail [[Topography#General Anatomy|coverts]]<br /> | ||
'''Non-breeding''' | '''Non-breeding''' | ||
− | *Rufous areas become grey and belly all white | + | *Rufous areas become grey and belly all white<br /> |
+ | '''Juvenile''' | ||
+ | *Similar to summer adult above but fringes less rufous; underparts white with blackish streaks on flanks | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
Breeding birds from northern [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] winter in [[Africa]] and southeast [[Asia]]. Those that have bred in [[Alaska]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] Arctic move down to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of [[North America]]. | Breeding birds from northern [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] winter in [[Africa]] and southeast [[Asia]]. Those that have bred in [[Alaska]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] Arctic move down to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of [[North America]]. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
+ | Most closely related to the [[Purple Sandpiper]] — [[Rock Sandpiper]] species pair, and after them, to [[Sanderling]]<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
− | + | Depending on authority, nine<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> or ten<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup> subspecies are accepted: | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
*''C. a. arctica'': | *''C. a. arctica'': | ||
− | :* | + | :*Northeastern [[Greenland]]; winters mainly northwestern [[Africa]] |
*''C. a. schinzii'': | *''C. a. schinzii'': | ||
− | :*[[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]] to southern [[Scandinavia]]; winters to | + | :*Southeastern [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]] to [[Britain]] and southern [[Scandinavia]]; winters from Britain to northwestern [[Africa]] |
*''C. a. alpina'': | *''C. a. alpina'': | ||
− | :*[[Scandinavia]] to | + | :*[[Scandinavia]] to northwestern [[Russia]]; winters from Britain to [[Mediterranean]] |
+ | *''C. a. centralis'': | ||
+ | :*North central to northeastern [[Russia]]; winters [[India]] (included in ''C. a. alpina'' by some authorities<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>) | ||
*''C. a. sakhalina'': | *''C. a. sakhalina'': | ||
− | :*[[Russia]] to Chukotsk Peninsula; winters [[China]], [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]] | + | :*Far eastern [[Russia]] to Chukotsk Peninsula; winters [[China]], [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]] |
+ | *''C. a. kistchinskii'': | ||
+ | :*Sea of Okhotsk to Kuril Islands; wintering grounds unknown | ||
*''C. a. actites'': | *''C. a. actites'': | ||
:*Northern Sakhalin; wintering grounds unknown | :*Northern Sakhalin; wintering grounds unknown | ||
− | *''C. a. | + | *''C. a. arcticola'': |
− | :* | + | :*Northwestern [[Alaska]] and northwestern [[Canada]]; winters eastern [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]]I |
− | + | *''C. a. pacifica'': | |
− | + | :*South-western [[Alaska]]; winters in western [[US]] and western [[Mexico]] | |
+ | *''C. a. hudsonia'': | ||
+ | :*Central [[Canada]]; winters south-eastern [[US]] and eastern [[Mexico]] | ||
+ | [[Image:Dunlin 5392 .jpg|thumb|300px|right|Juvenile in flight<br />Photo by {{user|mali|mali}}<br />[[Elmley Marshes]], [[Kent]], September 2016 ]] | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
− | Breeds on low or high ground, in wet short-grass or tundra habitats; on migration (in autumn adults in late July-August, juveniles in late August-October), found in a variety of marshy or coastal habitats, but most numerous on tidal flats or on banks of seaweed on shallow shores. | + | Breeds on low or high ground, in wet short-grass or tundra habitats; on migration (in autumn, adults in late July-August, juveniles in late August-October), found in a variety of marshy or coastal habitats, but most numerous on tidal flats or on banks of seaweed on shallow shores. |
Coastal mudflats and beaches. | Coastal mudflats and beaches. | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
− | They form huge winter flocks, often mixing with [[Ringed Plover]] and [[ | + | They form huge winter flocks, mainly on tidal mudflats (less often in freshwater), often mixing with [[Ringed Plover]], [[Red Knot]], and other ''[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]]'' species. |
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
The diet includes insects, snails and worms. | The diet includes insects, snails and worms. | ||
Line 57: | Line 60: | ||
''[[Media:Calidris alpina (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ''[[Media:Calidris alpina (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
− | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug16}}#Avibase | + | #Gibson, R., & Baker, A. (2012). Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 64: 66-72. |
+ | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug16}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker17V7.1}}#Avibase | ||
#Wikipedia | #Wikipedia | ||
#Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966 | #Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966 |
Revision as of 15:25, 15 April 2017
- Calidris alpina
Identification
L 17-21 cm (6¾-8¼ in), WS 32-36 cm.
Black bill, with de-curved tip
Breeding
- Crown and upperparts rufous, streaked darker
- Wings: greyish brown, with pale bar and dark tips
- White sides to rump and tail
- White breast with darker streaks
- Black belly
- White undertail coverts
Non-breeding
- Rufous areas become grey and belly all white
Juvenile
- Similar to summer adult above but fringes less rufous; underparts white with blackish streaks on flanks
Distribution
Breeding birds from northern Europe and Asia winter in Africa and southeast Asia. Those that have bred in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic move down to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America.
Taxonomy
Most closely related to the Purple Sandpiper — Rock Sandpiper species pair, and after them, to Sanderling[1].
Subspecies
Depending on authority, nine[2] or ten[3] subspecies are accepted:
- C. a. arctica:
- C. a. schinzii:
- Southeastern Greenland and Iceland to Britain and southern Scandinavia; winters from Britain to northwestern Africa
- C. a. alpina:
- Scandinavia to northwestern Russia; winters from Britain to Mediterranean
- C. a. centralis:
- C. a. sakhalina:
- C. a. kistchinskii:
- Sea of Okhotsk to Kuril Islands; wintering grounds unknown
- C. a. actites:
- Northern Sakhalin; wintering grounds unknown
- C. a. arcticola:
- C. a. pacifica:
- C. a. hudsonia:
Habitat
Breeds on low or high ground, in wet short-grass or tundra habitats; on migration (in autumn, adults in late July-August, juveniles in late August-October), found in a variety of marshy or coastal habitats, but most numerous on tidal flats or on banks of seaweed on shallow shores.
Coastal mudflats and beaches.
Behaviour
They form huge winter flocks, mainly on tidal mudflats (less often in freshwater), often mixing with Ringed Plover, Red Knot, and other Calidris species.
Diet
The diet includes insects, snails and worms.
Breeding
They nest in a shallow scrape on the ground lined with vegetation. The 4 eggs are incubated by both adults. The male cares for the young.
Vocalisation
Song: a trill.
Flight Call: treep or chreet
<flashmp3>Calidris alpina (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
References
- Gibson, R., & Baker, A. (2012). Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 66-72.
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016, with updates to August 2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird Names (version 7.1). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
- Avibase
- Wikipedia
- Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966
- Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Dunlin. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 28 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Dunlin
External Links