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| − | [[Image:Dunlin summer adult, Svalbard.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''C. a. alpina'' summer adult<br />Photo by {{user|steinn|Steinn}}<br />Svalbard, [[Norway]], | + | [[Image:Dunlin summer adult, Svalbard.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''C. a. alpina'' summer adult. Bright; short-billed.<br />Photo by {{user|steinn|Steinn}}<br />Svalbard, [[Norway]], August 2012]] |
;[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]] alpina | ;[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]] alpina | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
Length 17–21 cm (6¾-8¼ in), wingspan 32–36 cm, weight 33–85 g<br /> | Length 17–21 cm (6¾-8¼ in), wingspan 32–36 cm, weight 33–85 g<br /> | ||
Black bill, with de-curved tip; black legs.<br /> | Black bill, with de-curved tip; black legs.<br /> | ||
| − | [[Image:Dunlin.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|CJW|CJW}}<br />Smeale, [[Isle of Man]], | + | [[Image:Dunlin.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|CJW|CJW}}<br />Smeale, [[Isle of Man]], July 2004]] |
'''Breeding''' | '''Breeding''' | ||
*Crown and upperparts rufous, streaked darker | *Crown and upperparts rufous, streaked darker | ||
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Breeding birds from northern [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] winter in [[Africa]] and southeast [[Asia]]. Those that have bred in [[Alaska]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] Arctic move down to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of [[North America]]. | Breeding birds from northern [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] winter in [[Africa]] and southeast [[Asia]]. Those that have bred in [[Alaska]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] Arctic move down to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of [[North America]]. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| + | [[Image:Dunlin schinzii summer adult.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''C. a. schinzii'' summer adult. Dull; short-billed<br />Photo by {{user|Helios|Helios}}<br />North Uist, [[Scotland]], June 2014]] | ||
Most closely related to the [[Purple Sandpiper]] — [[Rock Sandpiper]] species pair, and after them, to [[Sanderling]]<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. | Most closely related to the [[Purple Sandpiper]] — [[Rock Sandpiper]] species pair, and after them, to [[Sanderling]]<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| + | [[Image:Dunlin hudsonia summer adult.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''C. a. hudsonia'' summer adult. Bright; long-billed<br />Photo by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />On spring passage, Bombay Hook NWR, [[Delaware]], [[USA]], May 2016]] | ||
Depending on authority, nine<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> or ten<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup> subspecies are accepted: | Depending on authority, nine<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> or ten<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup> subspecies are accepted: | ||
| + | [[Image:Dunlin 5392 .jpg|thumb|300px|right|Juvenile in flight<br />Photo by {{user|mali|mali}}<br />[[Elmley Marshes]], [[Kent]], September 2016]] | ||
*''C. a. arctica'': | *''C. a. arctica'': | ||
:*Northeastern [[Greenland]]; winters mainly northwestern [[Africa]] | :*Northeastern [[Greenland]]; winters mainly northwestern [[Africa]] | ||
| − | |||
*''C. a. schinzii'': | *''C. a. schinzii'': | ||
:*Southeastern [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]] to [[Britain]] and southern [[Scandinavia]]; winters from Britain to northwestern [[Africa]] | :*Southeastern [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]] to [[Britain]] and southern [[Scandinavia]]; winters from Britain to northwestern [[Africa]] | ||
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*''C. a. pacifica'': | *''C. a. pacifica'': | ||
:*South-western [[Alaska]]; winters in western [[US]] and western [[Mexico]] | :*South-western [[Alaska]]; winters in western [[US]] and western [[Mexico]] | ||
| − | |||
*''C. a. hudsonia'': | *''C. a. hudsonia'': | ||
:*Central [[Canada]]; winters south-eastern [[US]] and eastern [[Mexico]] | :*Central [[Canada]]; winters south-eastern [[US]] and eastern [[Mexico]] | ||
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They form huge winter flocks, mainly on tidal mudflats (less often in freshwater), often mixing with [[Ringed Plover]], [[Red Knot]], and other ''[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]]'' species. | They form huge winter flocks, mainly on tidal mudflats (less often in freshwater), often mixing with [[Ringed Plover]], [[Red Knot]], and other ''[[:Category:Calidris|Calidris]]'' species. | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | |||
The diet includes insects, snails and worms. | The diet includes insects, snails and worms. | ||
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
Revision as of 00:45, 24 May 2017
- Calidris alpina
Identification
Length 17–21 cm (6¾-8¼ in), wingspan 32–36 cm, weight 33–85 g
Black bill, with de-curved tip; black legs.
Breeding
- Crown and upperparts rufous, streaked darker
- Wings: greyish brown, with pale bar and dark tips
- White sides to rump and tail
- White breast with darker streaks
- Black belly
- White undertail coverts
Non-breeding
- Rufous areas become grey and belly all white
Juvenile
- Similar to summer adult above but fringes less rufous; underparts pale buff breast grading to white belly with blackish streaks on breast and flanks
Distribution
Breeding birds from northern Europe and Asia winter in Africa and southeast Asia. Those that have bred in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic move down to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America.
Taxonomy
Most closely related to the Purple Sandpiper — Rock Sandpiper species pair, and after them, to Sanderling[1].
Subspecies
Depending on authority, nine[2] or ten[3] subspecies are accepted:
- C. a. arctica:
- C. a. schinzii:
- Southeastern Greenland and Iceland to Britain and southern Scandinavia; winters from Britain to northwestern Africa
- C. a. alpina:
- Scandinavia to northwestern Russia; winters from Britain to Mediterranean
- C. a. centralis:
- C. a. sakhalina:
- C. a. kistchinskii:
- Sea of Okhotsk to Kuril Islands; wintering grounds unknown
- C. a. actites:
- Northern Sakhalin; wintering grounds unknown
- C. a. arcticola:
- C. a. pacifica:
- C. a. hudsonia:
The subspecies are distinguishable by bill length, and intensity of colour of the summer plumage. Winter and juvenile plumage birds are often not reliably distinguishable to subspecies, with only bill length differing.
Habitat
Breeds on low or high ground, in wet short-grass or tundra habitats; on migration (in autumn, adults in late July-August, juveniles in late August-October), found in a variety of marshy or coastal habitats, but most numerous on tidal flats or on banks of seaweed on shallow shores.
Coastal mudflats and beaches.
Behaviour
They form huge winter flocks, mainly on tidal mudflats (less often in freshwater), often mixing with Ringed Plover, Red Knot, and other Calidris species.
Diet
The diet includes insects, snails and worms.
Breeding
They nest in a shallow scrape on the ground lined with vegetation. The 4 eggs are incubated by both adults. The male cares for the young.
Vocalisation
Song: a trill.
Flight Call: treep or chreet
<flashmp3>Calidris alpina (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
References
- Gibson, R., & Baker, A. (2012). Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 64: 66-72.
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016, with updates to August 2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird Names (version 7.1). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
- Avibase
- Wikipedia
- Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966
- Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Dunlin. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 7 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Dunlin
External Links
