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==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| − | Paramo, forest and woodland, mostly observed at 2200-4200 m [[Dictionary_A-C#A|asl]]. Subspecies ''superciliosa'' averages higher mainly at timberline scrub. | + | Paramo, as well as at edge of scrub, forest and woodland, mostly observed at 2200-4200 m [[Dictionary_A-C#A|asl]]. Subspecies ''superciliosa'' averages higher mainly at timberline scrub. |
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | Mostly found close to ground either perching | + | Mostly found close to ground either perching on a (thick) branch, top of bush or other places from where they can sally out to catch their food. |
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | Feeds mainly on insects and similar invertebrates. They usually forage singly or in pairs. | + | Feeds mainly on insects and similar invertebrates, most often found on the ground but sometimes also on plants or in the air. They usually forage singly or in pairs. |
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
| − | The nest is a deep cup formed from moss and grass placed deep within a vine | + | The nest is a deep cup formed from moss and grass placed deep within a vine. The clutch consists of 2 white eggs with red and brown spots. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug21}}#Lepage D. (2021) [Avibase - https://avibase.ca/D5E07ED0]. Retrieved 24 November 2021 | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug21}}#Lepage D. (2021) [Avibase - https://avibase.ca/D5E07ED0]. Retrieved 24 November 2021 | ||
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#del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G.M. (2020). Rufous-browed Chat-tyrant (Ochthoeca superciliosa). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/1343716 on 23 March 2020). | #del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G.M. (2020). Rufous-browed Chat-tyrant (Ochthoeca superciliosa). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/1343716 on 23 March 2020). | ||
#Farnsworth, A., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, G. Langham, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca fumicolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bbctyr1.01 | #Farnsworth, A., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, G. Langham, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca fumicolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bbctyr1.01 | ||
| + | #{{Ref-RidgelyEcuador01}} | ||
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Revision as of 18:16, 27 November 2021
- Ochthoeca fumicolor
Identification
14·5–16 cm (5¾ in)
- Upperside to crown is warm brown, with side of head about same color, but the supercilium is strong and pale.
- Underside is buff to rufous, wings dark with two prominent rufous wing bars.
- Tail is very dark but outer tail feathers are white.
- Eye, bill and legs are dark
Female rather paler underparts.
Juvenile overall a warmer brown, lacks grey on chin.
Variation
Generally, birds are more bland and buff to the south with stronger rufous tones to the north and north-east.
Subspecies superciliosa differs significantly in being brighter rufous on undersides, supercilium being equally bright rufous and very broad, while it may have only one wing bar. It is also smaller with especially a shorter wing.
Distribution
South America: found in Andes of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
Taxonomy
HBWalive[4] did split this into two species: the first subspecies was called Rufous-browed Chat-tyrant (Ochthoeca superciliosa) while the rest was known as Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant. No other main taxonomic entity has agreed.
Subspecies
Manu Road, Quebrada at 3020m before reaching Ajcanacu Pass, Peru, July 2008
Five subspecies are recognized[1]:
- O. f. superciliosa:
- Andes of western Venezuela (Trujillo, Mérida and eastern Táchira)
- O. f. fumicolor:
- O. f. ferruginea:
- Central and Western Andes of Colombia (Antioquia)
- O. f. brunneifrons:
- O. f. berlepschi:
Habitat
Paramo, as well as at edge of scrub, forest and woodland, mostly observed at 2200-4200 m asl. Subspecies superciliosa averages higher mainly at timberline scrub.
Behaviour
Mostly found close to ground either perching on a (thick) branch, top of bush or other places from where they can sally out to catch their food.
Diet
Feeds mainly on insects and similar invertebrates, most often found on the ground but sometimes also on plants or in the air. They usually forage singly or in pairs.
Breeding
The nest is a deep cup formed from moss and grass placed deep within a vine. The clutch consists of 2 white eggs with red and brown spots.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Lepage D. (2021) [Avibase - https://avibase.ca/D5E07ED0]. Retrieved 24 November 2021
- Bird Forum Member observations
- del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. & Kirwan, G.M. (2020). Rufous-browed Chat-tyrant (Ochthoeca superciliosa). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/1343716 on 23 March 2020).
- Farnsworth, A., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, G. Langham, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca fumicolor), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bbctyr1.01
- Ridgely, R.S., & P.J. Greenfield (2001). "The Birds of Ecuador - Field Guide". Comstock/Cornell Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 17 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Brown-backed_Chat-Tyrant
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.
