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Difference between revisions of "White-throated Dipper" - BirdForum Opus

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(changed 'Black-bellied Dipper' from alternative name to includes)
 
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'''Alternative name: Black-bellied Dipper'''
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[[Image:White-throated_Dipper.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|Nigelblake|Nigel Blake}}<br />Dovedale, [[Derbyshire]], March 2004]]
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[[Image:White-throated_Dipper.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Nigel+Blake|Nigel Blake}}]]
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;[[:Category:Cinclus|Cinclus]] cinclus
 
;[[:Category:Cinclus|Cinclus]] cinclus
 +
'''Includes: Black-bellied Dipper'''
 +
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
17-20 cm
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[[Image:IMG 97731.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Nominate<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Macswede|Macswede}}<br />Nyfors, [[Sweden]], January 2013]]
 +
(17-20 cm) 6.5-8 in
 
*Dark above
 
*Dark above
 
*White throat and bib
 
*White throat and bib
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*Black bill
 
*Black bill
 
*Brownish legs
 
*Brownish legs
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*Black eye has a [[Dictionary_M-S#N|nictating membrane]]
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*Black eye has a [[Dictionary_M-O#N|nictating membrane]]
 +
====Variations====
 +
Differences in plumage between the subspecies is annotated in the Taxonomy section<sup>[[#Taxonomy|[1]]]</sup>.
  
−
Differences in plumage between the subspecies is annoted in the Taxonomy section<sup>[[#Taxonomy|[1]]]</sup>.
 
−
[[Image:Dipper45.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|ivan+ellison|ivan ellison}}<br />River Irwell, Summerseat, [[Lancashire]], October 2009]]
 
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
−
Fairly common in suitable habitats in a widespread but discontinuous range. Breeds in [[Ireland]] and north and west [[Britain]], [[Spain]] and north [[Portugal]] and from southern and eastern [[France]] and [[Italy]] to the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]]. In the north found in central [[Denmark]] and throughout [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], north [[Finland]] and the southern half of the Kola Peninsula. Isolated pockets in south Finland and the [[Baltic States]], in parts of north [[Russia]] and in the [[Urals]]. In the south breeds in the Caucasus and much of [[Turkey]], in the [[Lebanon]] and in [[Morocco]] and north [[Algeria]] and in the Mediterranean on [[Corsica]], possibly [[Sardinia]], and [[Sicily]], formerly also [[Cyprus]]. Has bred in the [[Netherlands]].  
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[[Image:Dipper 75.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile, subspecies ''aquaticus''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Donald+Talbott|Donald Talbott}}<br />Stara Fuzina Bohinj, [[Slovenia]], May 2012]]
 +
Fairly common in suitable habitats in a widespread but discontinuous range. Breeds in [[Ireland]] and north and west [[Britain]], [[Spain]] and north [[Portugal]] and from southern and eastern [[France]] and [[Italy]] to the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]].
  
−
Most populations are basically resident but many make short-distance dispersal movements in autumn usually to lower altitudes. In the far north where waters become frozen makes longer movements and partially migratory leaving breeding areas in October-November and returning in March.  
+
In the north found in central [[Denmark]] and throughout [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], north [[Finland]] and the southern half of the Kola Peninsula. Isolated pockets in south Finland and the [[Baltic States]], in parts of north [[Russia]] and in the [[Urals]].
 +
 
 +
In the south breeds in the Caucasus and much of [[Turkey]], in the [[Lebanon]] and in [[Morocco]] and north [[Algeria]] and in the Mediterranean on [[Corsica]], possibly [[Sardinia]], and [[Sicily]], formerly also [[Cyprus]]. Has bred in the [[Netherlands]].  
  
−
Vagrants have been recorded on [[Svalbard]] and the [[Faroes]] and [[Malta]] and in [[Tunisia]] and [[Iraq]] (may breed).  
+
Vagrants have been recorded on [[Svalbard]] and the [[Faroes]] and [[Malta]] and in [[Tunisia]] and [[Iraq]] (may breed).
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
 
===Subspecies===
 
===Subspecies===
−
About 10 races have been recorded in the [[Western Palearctic]], one of which, ''olympicus'', the [[Cyprus]] Dipper has been extinct since the 1940s.
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[[Image:Dipper45.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|ivan+ellison|ivan ellison}}<br />River Irwell, Summerseat, [[Lancashire]], October 2009]]
−
 
+
[[Image:20190503-134856 Fuji-X-T2 DSF8864.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''gularis'', Juvenile<br /> Photo &copy; by {{user|Frank-birding |Frank-birding }}<br />[[Worcestershire]], [[UK]], 3 May 2019]]
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The nominate race ''cinclus'' is found in [[Scandinavia]] and north [[Russia]], [[France]] and northern [[Iberia]], and [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] and has dark brown head and neck and blackish belly. It occurs as a rare vagrant to [[Britain]].
+
Thirteen subspecies are recognised by Clements<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>
−
 
+
* ''C. c. hibernicus'':
−
Ural Mountains race ''uralensis'' is similar but paler with belly tinged chestnut.
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:*[[Ireland]], Outer Hebrides and western coast of [[Scotland]]. Darker brown and chestnut of belly darker and less extensive.
−
 
+
* ''C. c. gularis'':
−
[[Britain|British]] race ''gularis'' has strongly chestnut belly but ''hibernicus'' from [[Ireland]], [[Outer Hebrides]] and western [[Scotland]] is darker brown and chestnut of belly darker and less extensive.
+
:*[[Orkney Islands]], central and eastern [[Scotland]], [[England]] and [[Wales]]. Strongly chestnut belly.
−
 
+
* ''C. c. cinclus'':
−
''C.c.aquaticus'' from central and southern [[Europe]] including [[Sicily]] is pale above, especially on head and neck, and brighter chestnut on the belly
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:*[[Scandinavia]] and northern [[Russia]] (to Kaliningrad region). Dark brown head and neck and blackish belly.
−
 
+
* ''C. c. aquaticus'':
−
[[Africa|North African]] ''minor'' is very similar but with fractionally longer bill.
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:*Central and southern Europe to Balkan Peninsula. Pale above, especially on head and neck, and brighter chestnut on the belly.
−
 
+
* ''C. c. minor'':
−
[[Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] race ''caucasicus'' is dull and greyish above and dull brown below, barely tinged chestnut.
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:*Mountains of Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Very similar to ''aquaticus'' but with fractionally longer bill.
−
 
+
* ''C. c. olympicus'':
−
''C.c.persicus'' is found mainly outside the [[Western Palearctic]] in [[Iran]] but may occur in Azerbaijan and eastern [[Turkey]]. This is the largest and palest race, ''rufiventris'' from [[Lebanon]] is similar but smaller.
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:* Formerly found on [[Cyprus]], extinct since the 1940s.
−
 
+
* ''C. c. caucasicus'':
−
Three additional subspecies are recognised by Clements<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>
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:*[[Caucasus]] Mountains to northwest [[Iran]], winters to [[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]]. Dull and greyish above and dull brown below, barely tinged chestnut.
−
*''C. c. leucogaster'':
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* ''C. c. rufiventris'':
 +
:*Anti-Lebanon Mountains, [[Lebanon]]. A pale race.
 +
* ''C. c. persicus'':
 +
:*Southwest [[Iran]] (Zagros and Bakhtiari mountains) , probably also in [[Azerbaijan]] and eastern [[Turkey]]. The largest and palest race.
 +
* ''C. c. uralensis'':
 +
:*Ural Mountains, [[Russia]]. Paler than nominate with belly tinged chestnut.
 +
* ''C. c. leucogaster'':
 
:*Mountains of central [[Asia]]
 
:*Mountains of central [[Asia]]
−
*''C. c. cashmeriensis'':
+
* ''C. c. cashmeriensis'':
 
:*[[Himalayas]] (western Kashmir to Sikkim)
 
:*[[Himalayas]] (western Kashmir to Sikkim)
−
*''C. c.s przewalskii'':
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* ''C. c. przewalskii'':
 
:*Mountains of southern [[Tibet]] and western [[China]]
 
:*Mountains of southern [[Tibet]] and western [[China]]
 +
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
−
Found along fast-flowing streams and rivers in upland areas, nesting in rocky banks or behind waterfalls, on bridges and walls. In winter often moves to lower altitudes where seen at weirs, sometimes in slower moving parts of streams and on lakeshores.  
+
Found along fast-flowing streams and rivers in upland areas, nesting in rocky banks or behind waterfalls, under bridges and in walls. In winter often moves to lower altitudes where seen at weirs, sometimes in slower moving parts of streams and on lake shores.  
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
−
====Movement====
+
====Action====
 
Fast direct flight low over the water. Walks and swims underwater. Perches on low rocks in a river, constantly bobbing.
 
Fast direct flight low over the water. Walks and swims underwater. Perches on low rocks in a river, constantly bobbing.
 
====Diet====
 
====Diet====
−
The diet includes aquatic invertebrates, caddis worms, aquatic insect larvae, beetles, molluscs, and also small fish.  
+
The diet consists of aquatic invertebrates, caddis worms, aquatic insect larvae, beetles, molluscs, and also small fish.  
 
====Breeding====
 
====Breeding====
−
The domed nest is built from moss, straw and other vegetable matter, often placed on a ledge under a bridge, or any suitable crevice. The breeding season starts in March and three to six white eggs are laid. There may be a second brood.
+
The domed nest is built from moss, straw and other vegetable matter, often placed on a ledge under a bridge, or any suitable crevice. The breeding season starts in March and three to six white eggs are laid.
 +
 
 +
There may be a second brood or even third brood.
 +
====Movements====
 +
Most populations are basically resident but many make short-distance dispersal movements in autumn usually to lower altitudes. In the far north where waters become frozen makes longer movements and partially migratory leaving breeding areas in October-November and returning in March.  
 
====Vocalisation====
 
====Vocalisation====
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<flashmp3>Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3</flashmp3><br />
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{{ Audio|Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3 }}
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''[[Media:Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]''
+
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thDec08}}#Absolute Astronomy
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#Absolute Astronomy
 
#Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
 
#Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
 +
#Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
{{GSearch|Cinclus_cinclus}}
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{{GSearch|"Cinclus cinclus" {{!}} "White-throated Dipper" {{!}} "Black-bellied Dipper"}}
 +
<br />
 +
{{VSearch|"Cinclus cinclus" {{!}} "White-throated Dipper" {{!}} "Black-bellied Dipper"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 +
<br />
 
<br />
 
<br />
−
{{Video|White_throated_Dipper}}
 
  
−
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Cinclus]] [[Category:Bird Songs]]
+
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Cinclus]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] [[Category:Videos]]

Latest revision as of 20:04, 14 February 2024

Photo © by Nigel Blake
Dovedale, Derbyshire, March 2004
Cinclus cinclus

Includes: Black-bellied Dipper

Identification

Nominate
Photo © by Macswede
Nyfors, Sweden, January 2013

(17-20 cm) 6.5-8 in

  • Dark above
  • White throat and bib
  • Chestnut band below bib
  • Remainder of underparts are dark brown
  • Black bill
  • Brownish legs
  • Black eye has a nictating membrane

Variations

Differences in plumage between the subspecies is annotated in the Taxonomy section[1].

Distribution

Juvenile, subspecies aquaticus
Photo © by Donald Talbott
Stara Fuzina Bohinj, Slovenia, May 2012

Fairly common in suitable habitats in a widespread but discontinuous range. Breeds in Ireland and north and west Britain, Spain and north Portugal and from southern and eastern France and Italy to the Balkans and Greece.

In the north found in central Denmark and throughout Norway and Sweden, north Finland and the southern half of the Kola Peninsula. Isolated pockets in south Finland and the Baltic States, in parts of north Russia and in the Urals.

In the south breeds in the Caucasus and much of Turkey, in the Lebanon and in Morocco and north Algeria and in the Mediterranean on Corsica, possibly Sardinia, and Sicily, formerly also Cyprus. Has bred in the Netherlands.

Vagrants have been recorded on Svalbard and the Faroes and Malta and in Tunisia and Iraq (may breed).

Taxonomy

Subspecies

Photo © by ivan ellison
River Irwell, Summerseat, Lancashire, October 2009
Subspecies gularis, Juvenile
Photo © by Frank-birding
Worcestershire, UK, 3 May 2019

Thirteen subspecies are recognised by Clements[1]

  • C. c. hibernicus:
  • Ireland, Outer Hebrides and western coast of Scotland. Darker brown and chestnut of belly darker and less extensive.
  • C. c. gularis:
  • C. c. cinclus:
  • Scandinavia and northern Russia (to Kaliningrad region). Dark brown head and neck and blackish belly.
  • C. c. aquaticus:
  • Central and southern Europe to Balkan Peninsula. Pale above, especially on head and neck, and brighter chestnut on the belly.
  • C. c. minor:
  • Mountains of Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Very similar to aquaticus but with fractionally longer bill.
  • C. c. olympicus:
  • Formerly found on Cyprus, extinct since the 1940s.
  • C. c. caucasicus:
  • Caucasus Mountains to northwest Iran, winters to Iraq and Pakistan. Dull and greyish above and dull brown below, barely tinged chestnut.
  • C. c. rufiventris:
  • Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Lebanon. A pale race.
  • C. c. persicus:
  • Southwest Iran (Zagros and Bakhtiari mountains) , probably also in Azerbaijan and eastern Turkey. The largest and palest race.
  • C. c. uralensis:
  • Ural Mountains, Russia. Paler than nominate with belly tinged chestnut.
  • C. c. leucogaster:
  • Mountains of central Asia
  • C. c. cashmeriensis:
  • C. c. przewalskii:

Habitat

Found along fast-flowing streams and rivers in upland areas, nesting in rocky banks or behind waterfalls, under bridges and in walls. In winter often moves to lower altitudes where seen at weirs, sometimes in slower moving parts of streams and on lake shores.

Behaviour

Action

Fast direct flight low over the water. Walks and swims underwater. Perches on low rocks in a river, constantly bobbing.

Diet

The diet consists of aquatic invertebrates, caddis worms, aquatic insect larvae, beetles, molluscs, and also small fish.

Breeding

The domed nest is built from moss, straw and other vegetable matter, often placed on a ledge under a bridge, or any suitable crevice. The breeding season starts in March and three to six white eggs are laid.

There may be a second brood or even third brood.

Movements

Most populations are basically resident but many make short-distance dispersal movements in autumn usually to lower altitudes. In the far north where waters become frozen makes longer movements and partially migratory leaving breeding areas in October-November and returning in March.

Vocalisation

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Absolute Astronomy
  3. Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
  4. Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs

Recommended Citation

External Links


GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

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