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Difference between revisions of "Epaulet Oriole" - BirdForum Opus

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[[Image:Epaulet_Oriole.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo of subspecies ''I. c. tibialis'' by Arthur Grosset <br />Photographed:  Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, [[Brazil]].]]
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[[File:Epaulet_Oriole_First-Image_THBD.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|Thibaud|Thibaud Aronson}}<br />Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, [[Peru]], 3 June 2022]]
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'''Includes Variable Oriole and Moriche Oriole'''
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'''Includes Moriche Oriole'''
 
;[[:Category:Icterus|Icterus]] cayanensis
 
;[[:Category:Icterus|Icterus]] cayanensis
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==Identification==
 
==Identification==
 
Mostly black, the epaulet consisting of the upper wing-coverts.  
 
Mostly black, the epaulet consisting of the upper wing-coverts.  
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Some subspecies have a yellow epaulet and yellow thighs (e.g., ''I. c. tibialis'') while other sub-species have an ochre-orange epaulet (see second photo).
 
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[[Image:Epaulet_Oriole_by_Pantanal1.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo most likely of subspecies ''I. c. valenciobuenoi'' by Pantanal1<br />Photographed: Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]].]]
 
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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Most of [[South America]] including [[Trinidad]].
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[[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], [[Suriname]], northern [[Brazil]], [[Peru]], eastern [[Bolivia]] and [[Trinidad]].
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
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Polytypic, consists of six subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
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Polytypic, consists of two subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
 
*''I. c. chrysocephalus''
 
*''I. c. chrysocephalus''
 
:*Eastern [[Colombia]] to [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], northern [[Brazil]] and north-eastern [[Peru]]; also [[Trinidad]]
 
:*Eastern [[Colombia]] to [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], northern [[Brazil]] and north-eastern [[Peru]]; also [[Trinidad]]
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*''I. c. cayanensis''
 
*''I. c. cayanensis''
 
:*Suriname to [[French Guiana]], Amazonian [[Brazil]], eastern [[Peru]] and eastern [[Bolivia]]
 
:*Suriname to [[French Guiana]], Amazonian [[Brazil]], eastern [[Peru]] and eastern [[Bolivia]]
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*''I. c. tibialis''
 
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:*Eastern [[Brazil]]
 
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*''I. c. valenciobuenoi''
 
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:*South-eastern [[Brazil]]
 
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*''I. c. periporphyrus''
 
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:*North-eastern [[Bolivia]] and adjacent western [[Brazil]]
 
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*''I. c. pyrrhopterus''
 
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:*South-eastern [[Bolivia]] to [[Paraguay]], south-eastern [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]] and northern [[Argentina]]
 
  
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This species may be in need of splitting into two: Epaulet Oriole would then contain the first two subspecies while the remaining four subspecies would become Variable Oriole (''Icterus pyrrhopterus''). ''pyrrhopterus'' itself used to be split as Morioche Oriole.
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[[Variable Oriole]] was formerly included in this species.
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
 
Woodland, thorny scrub and gardens.
 
Woodland, thorny scrub and gardens.
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
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The diet includes insects and nectar.<br />
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====Diet====
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The diet includes insects and nectar.
 +
====Breeding====
 
Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibres, suspended from the end of a branch. 2 dark-spotted pale blue or white eggs are laid.  
 
Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibres, suspended from the end of a branch. 2 dark-spotted pale blue or white eggs are laid.  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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#{{Ref-Clements6thNov08}}#{{Ref-SibleyMonroe96}}#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=156685 Birdforum thread] discussing the possibility of splitting Variable Oriole from Epaulet Oriole  
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#{{Ref-Clements6thOct12}}#{{Ref-SibleyMonroe96}}#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=156685 Birdforum thread] discussing the possibility of splitting Variable Oriole from Epaulet Oriole  
 
#Arthur Grosset
 
#Arthur Grosset
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{{ref}}
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==External Links==
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{{GSearch|"Icterus cayanensis" {{!}} "Epaulet Oriole"}}
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{{GS-checked}}
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<br />
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<br />
  
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==External Links==
 
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{{GSearch|Icterus+cayanensis}}
 
 
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Icterus]]
 
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Icterus]]

Latest revision as of 20:57, 3 January 2023

Photo © by Thibaud Aronson
Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru, 3 June 2022

Includes Moriche Oriole

Icterus cayanensis

Identification

Mostly black, the epaulet consisting of the upper wing-coverts.

Distribution

Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Suriname, northern Brazil, Peru, eastern Bolivia and Trinidad.

Taxonomy

Polytypic, consists of two subspecies1:

  • I. c. chrysocephalus
  • I. c. cayanensis

Variable Oriole was formerly included in this species.

Habitat

Woodland, thorny scrub and gardens.

Behaviour

Diet

The diet includes insects and nectar.

Breeding

Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibres, suspended from the end of a branch. 2 dark-spotted pale blue or white eggs are laid.

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2012. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
  2. Sibley, CG and BL Monroe. 1996. Birds of the World, on diskette, Windows version 2.0. Charles G. Sibley, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
  3. Birdforum thread discussing the possibility of splitting Variable Oriole from Epaulet Oriole
  4. Arthur Grosset

Recommended Citation

External Links

GSearch checked for 2020 platform.

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