Difference between revisions of "Epaulet Oriole" - BirdForum Opus

Latest revision as of 20:57, 3 January 2023

Photo © by Thibaud Aronson
Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru, 3 June 2022

Includes Moriche Oriole

Icterus cayanensis

Identification

Mostly black, the epaulet consisting of the upper wing-coverts.

Distribution

Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Suriname, northern Brazil, Peru, eastern Bolivia and Trinidad.

Taxonomy

Polytypic, consists of two subspecies¹:

I. c. chrysocephalus

Eastern Colombia to Venezuela, Guianas, northern Brazil and north-eastern Peru; also Trinidad
Bright yellow crown, rump, thighs and wing epaulets
Has been recognised as a separate species (Moriche Oriole)².

I. c. cayanensis

Suriname to French Guiana, Amazonian Brazil, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia

Variable Oriole was formerly included in this species.

Habitat

Woodland, thorny scrub and gardens.

Behaviour

Diet

The diet includes insects and nectar.

Breeding

Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibres, suspended from the end of a branch. 2 dark-spotted pale blue or white eggs are laid.

References

Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2012. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
Sibley, CG and BL Monroe. 1996. Birds of the World, on diskette, Windows version 2.0. Charles G. Sibley, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
Birdforum thread discussing the possibility of splitting Variable Oriole from Epaulet Oriole
Arthur Grosset

List of references

Recommended Citation

BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Epaulet Oriole. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 12 June 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Epaulet_Oriole

External Links

Search for photos of Epaulet Oriole in the gallery

GSearch checked for 2020 platform.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[File:Epaulet_Oriole_First-Image_THBD.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|Thibaud|Thibaud Aronson}}<br />Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, [[Peru]], 3 June 2022]]
+'''Includes Moriche Oriole'''
 ;[[:Category:Icterus|Icterus]] cayanensis
-[[Image:Epaulet_Oriole.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo of subspecies ''I. c. tibialis'' by Arthur Grosset <br />Photographed:  Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, [[Brazil]].]]
-[[Image:Epaulet_Oriole_by_Pantanal1.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Photo most likely of subspecies ''I. c. valenciobuenoi'' by Pantanal1<br />Photographed: Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]].]]
 ==Identification==
 Mostly black, the epaulet consisting of the upper wing-coverts.
-Some subspecies have a yellow epaulet and yellow thighs (e.g., ''I. c. tibialis'') while other sub-species have an ochre-orange epaulet (see second photo).
 ==Distribution==
-Most of [[South America]].
+[[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], [[Suriname]], northern [[Brazil]], [[Peru]], eastern [[Bolivia]] and [[Trinidad]].
 ==Taxonomy==
-Polytypic, consists of six subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
+Polytypic, consists of two subspecies<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>:
 *''I. c. chrysocephalus''
-:*Eastern Colombia to Venezuela, Guianas, northern Brazil and north-eastern Peru; also Trinidad
+:*Eastern [[Colombia]] to [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], northern [[Brazil]] and north-eastern [[Peru]]; also [[Trinidad]]
-:* Has been recognised as a separate species (Moriche Oriole).
+:*Bright yellow crown, rump, thighs and wing epaulets
+:*Has been recognised as a separate species (Moriche Oriole)<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>.
 *''I. c. cayanensis''
-:*Suriname to French Guiana, Amazonian Brazil, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia
+:*Suriname to [[French Guiana]], Amazonian [[Brazil]], eastern [[Peru]] and eastern [[Bolivia]]
-*''I. c. tibialis''
-:*Eastern Brazil
-*''I. c. valenciobuenoi''
-:*South-eastern Brazil
-*''I. c. periporphyrus''
-:*North-eastern Bolivia and adjacent western Brazil
-*''I. c. pyrrhopterus''
-:*South-eastern Bolivia to Paraguay, south-eastern Brazil, Uruguay and northern Argentina
+[[Variable Oriole]] was formerly included in this species.
 ==Habitat==
+Woodland, thorny scrub and gardens.
 ==Behaviour==
+====Diet====
+The diet includes insects and nectar.
+====Breeding====
+Its nest is a long hanging basket of grass and other plant fibres, suspended from the end of a branch. 2 dark-spotted pale blue or white eggs are laid.
 ==References==
-#{{Ref-Clements6thNov08}}#{{Ref-SibleyMonroe96}}
+#{{Ref-Clements6thOct12}}#{{Ref-SibleyMonroe96}}#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=156685 Birdforum thread] discussing the possibility of splitting Variable Oriole from Epaulet Oriole
+#Arthur Grosset
 {{ref}}
+==External Links==
+{{GSearch|"Icterus cayanensis" {{!}} "Epaulet Oriole"}}
+{{GS-checked}}
+<br />
+<br />
-==External Links==
+[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Icterus]]
-{{GSearch|Icterus+cayanensis}}
-[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Icterus]][[Category:incomplete]]