m (→External Links: Deleted redundant text) |
|||
| (24 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | + | [[Image:Black-capped_Chickadee.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Gene|Gene}} <br /> [[Illinois]], [[USA]], December 2005]] | |
| − | [[Image:Black-capped_Chickadee.jpg|thumb| | + | ;[[:Category:Poecile|Poecile]] atricapillus |
| − | == | + | ==Identification== |
| − | 4 3/4-5 3/4" (12-15 cm). Black cap and throat | + | L. 4 3/4-5 3/4" (12-15 cm). |
| − | < | + | *Black cap and throat |
| + | *White cheeks | ||
| + | *Gray back | ||
| + | *Dull white underparts | ||
| + | *Wing feathers narrowly and indistinctly edged with white | ||
| + | ====Similar species==== | ||
| + | Most similar to [[Carolina Chickadee]]. These two species hybridize in a narrow zone of overlap. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | Largely resident from [[Alaska]] east across [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]], south to northern [[California]], northern [[New Mexico]], [[Missouri]], and northern [[New Jersey]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Winters south to [[Maryland]] and [[Texas]]. | ||
| + | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| + | [[Image:2011-12-20Chickadee 3291.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|Deanneart|Deanneart}}<br />Windham, [[New Hampshire]], [[USA]], December 2011]] | ||
| + | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| + | This is a [[Dictionary_M-O#M|polytypic]] species<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>, consisting of nine subspecies: | ||
| + | *''P. a. turneri'': [[Alaska]] and adjacent north-western [[Canada]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. occidentalis'': Extreme south-western [[British Columbia]] to north-western [[California]] (west of Cascades) | ||
| + | *''P. a. fortuitus'': Southern interior [[British Columbia]] to north-western Montanea and north-western [[Idaho]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. garrinus'': Rocky Mountains (south-eastern [[Idaho]] to [[Wyoming]], eastern [[Utah]] and [[New Mexico]]) | ||
| + | *''P. a. nevadensis'': Great Basin of south-western [[US]] (eastern [[Oregon]] to [[Idaho]], [[Nevada]] and western [[Utah]]) | ||
| + | *''P. a. bartletti'': [[Newfoundland]] and Miquelon | ||
| + | *''P. a. atricapillus'': Eastern [[Canada]] and north-eastern [[US]] | ||
| + | *''P. a. practicus'': North-eastern [[US]] (Appalachian Mountains region) | ||
| + | *''P. a. septentrionalis'': Western [[Canada]] and central [[US]] | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Deciduous and mixed forests and open woodlands; suburban areas in winter. | Deciduous and mixed forests and open woodlands; suburban areas in winter. | ||
| − | < | + | ==Behaviour== |
| + | Very active birds. Hop. Often feed upside down whilst clinging to twigs and branches. Form mixed winter flocks, with woodpeckers, nuthatches, creepers, and kinglets. Very tame and inquisitive and often seen at feeders. In spring, chickadees disband into the woods to nest. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Recent research sheds light on the ability of ''Poecile atricapillus'' to survive severe winters without migrating. They roost in small holes in trees, preferring Birch where available, e.g., around Fairbanks, Alaska. The birds go into a state of semi-hibernation for the night, conserving energy by lowering its body temperature by 12 to 15 degrees F. During the day, it is capable of eating 60% of its body weight, and can start the day with no body fat, but metabolize all that food to stored fat by nightfall. It then shivers through the night, burning the fat; up to 10% of its total body mass. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The researchers also found that the birds survive better when there are feeders in the area, but do not become dependent on them. | ||
| + | ====Breeding==== | ||
| + | Black-capped Chickadees usually prepare their own nesting hole in soft, rotting tree stumps. Enticing them into breeding boxes is difficult, although it sometimes help to fill the boxes with wood shavings, which deceives the chickadees; they carry the wood shavings out bit by bit and accept the box for nesting. 6-8 brown-speckled white eggs in a cup of grass, fur, plant down, feathers, and moss, placed in a hole in a rotten tree stub excavated by the birds, or in a natural cavity or bird box. | ||
| + | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
| + | A buzzy <i>chick-a-dee-dee-dee</i> or a clear, whistled <i>fee-bee</i>, the second note lower and often doubled sounding like <i>cheese-bur-ger</i> or "hey-sweetie. The "hey-sweetie" song has a few unusual features: | ||
| + | |||
| + | As background, perching birds can be divided into 2 major groups, the Oscines, or "true" songbirds, and the Suboscines, represented in North America by the flycatchers. Most suboscine birds are genetically programmed to sing a certain song. If you raise a willow flycatcher baby in a lab and only let it hear alder flycatcher songs, as an adult it will still sing perfect willow flycatcher songs. | ||
| − | + | Most oscine songbirds learn their songs, copying the adults around them. Just as a person growing up in New York develops a different accent than a person growing up in Georgia, so most songbirds develop regional “dialects”. For example, in the Point Reyes National Seashore in California alone, 6 separate white-throated sparrow dialects have been mapped | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | The usual black capped chickadee song is a 2 part whistle. The first note has a higher pitch than the second note and decreases slightly in pitch as it is sung, which may be important for species recognition. The second note has a decrease in amplitude in the middle of it, so it comes across as 2 “syllables”. The song is described by various authors as sounding like “fee-bee-ee”, or “hey-sweetie”. There are several strange things about this song. Chickadees have been recorded across the continent, from Alaska to Maine, and with rare exceptions the song is exactly the same across the continent, without dialects. Why the song is so similar across the continent is unclear. One possibility, that it is genetically programmed into the birds just as it is in flycatchers, was ruled out in experiments where chickadees were raised in captivity, and developed very abnormal songs. Surprisingly, on Martha’s Vinyard, Chappaquiddick and Nantucket, there are four separate chickadee dialects, where in some locations the birds sing “sweetie-hey” , “sosweetie-sweetie”, sweetie-sweetie” or the usual hey-sweetie. There are also dialects in isolated areas in Washington and Oregon, but otherwise it’s the same song across the rest of the continent. A thoorough discussion of this can be found in Dr Donald Kroodsma's book "The Singing Life of Birds". | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Another unusual thing is that that most songs function to defend territory and to attract mates and are only uttered in the breeding season but the chickadee song is sung year-round. Chickadees pair-bond while in their winter flocks. Males in winter flocks do sing the “hey-sweetie” song, but usually only after removing themselves away from the flock and it doesn’t seem to play a role in attracting mates. In one study on this, the song was never sung by a male when he was within 10 meters of his mate. During the breeding season the song serves an unusual function. To quote from an article on this, the song is “not serving as a distant threat to other males, but rather as a means of locating the rival, challenging and beckoning him to a meeting site rather than as a means of repelling him from a fixed boundary.” Once a rival male does appear, the bird may shift his song to a lower frequency, which is apparently an aggressive signal. If the birds approach closely to one another, the “hey-sweetie” song is dropped altogether and the birds utter a two to thirteen note call called the “gargle” call. This is a battle cry, and if one bird does not depart a fight will break out. Interestingly, gargle calls do have regional dialects and each chickadee has a repertoire of different gargle calls. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Just as the words “Love” and “Leave” have similar letters but different meanings, so the gargle call is also used in another context, in copulation. It is sometimes preceded by a high pitched “see” and is given during mating, although with very specific note combinations. To quote from some research on this, “We observed the complete copulatory sequence 8 times... either sex initiated sexual activity by uttering variable sees, often while quivering the wings. The male then continued Variable Sees, ending in a gargle just as he mounted the female. All copulations were preceded by these calls.” To continue, “We found remarkable stereotypy in the sexual Gargles for each population, although the agonistic gargles in each population are highly variable... Although both share the same syllables, sexual gargles have unique syllable combinations that may reduce the possibility of confusion concerning the message of the calls. Following agonistic Gargles, the recipient usually moves away; if it does not, it is attacked by the individual giving the call. During sexual gargles the two birds remain in close proximity.” Thus the gargle call functions more like a traditional "song" than the "hey-sweetie" song does. | |
| − | + | Obviously this scratches the surface of understanding chickadee vocalization, but we are learning how these birds communicate and interact. <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> | |
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug11}}#A good review of this subject can be found in an article in The Auk 95:34-48, The Vocal Repertoire of the Black Capped Chickadee, which discusses 11 adult chickadee vocalizations (there are now felt to be 15 total, 12 given by adults). A discussion of the gargle call is found in the Auk 102:145-151. These, and many other articles, can be accessed online through the Searchable Ornithological Research Archive at http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/, | ||
| + | #[http://www.sibleyguides.com/bird-info/black-capped-chickadee/black-capped-carolina-chickadee/ Sibley] on identification of the Black-capped and Carolina Chickadees | ||
| + | {{ref}} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | + | {{GSearch|"Chickadee atricapillus" {{!}} "Black-capped Chickadee"}} | |
| − | [[Category:Birds]] | + | {{GS-checked}} |
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Birds]][[Category:Poecile]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:41, 21 November 2022
- Poecile atricapillus
Identification
L. 4 3/4-5 3/4" (12-15 cm).
- Black cap and throat
- White cheeks
- Gray back
- Dull white underparts
- Wing feathers narrowly and indistinctly edged with white
Similar species
Most similar to Carolina Chickadee. These two species hybridize in a narrow zone of overlap.
Distribution
Largely resident from Alaska east across Canada to Newfoundland, south to northern California, northern New Mexico, Missouri, and northern New Jersey.
Winters south to Maryland and Texas.
Taxonomy
Subspecies
This is a polytypic species[1], consisting of nine subspecies:
- P. a. turneri: Alaska and adjacent north-western Canada
- P. a. occidentalis: Extreme south-western British Columbia to north-western California (west of Cascades)
- P. a. fortuitus: Southern interior British Columbia to north-western Montanea and north-western Idaho
- P. a. garrinus: Rocky Mountains (south-eastern Idaho to Wyoming, eastern Utah and New Mexico)
- P. a. nevadensis: Great Basin of south-western US (eastern Oregon to Idaho, Nevada and western Utah)
- P. a. bartletti: Newfoundland and Miquelon
- P. a. atricapillus: Eastern Canada and north-eastern US
- P. a. practicus: North-eastern US (Appalachian Mountains region)
- P. a. septentrionalis: Western Canada and central US
Habitat
Deciduous and mixed forests and open woodlands; suburban areas in winter.
Behaviour
Very active birds. Hop. Often feed upside down whilst clinging to twigs and branches. Form mixed winter flocks, with woodpeckers, nuthatches, creepers, and kinglets. Very tame and inquisitive and often seen at feeders. In spring, chickadees disband into the woods to nest.
Recent research sheds light on the ability of Poecile atricapillus to survive severe winters without migrating. They roost in small holes in trees, preferring Birch where available, e.g., around Fairbanks, Alaska. The birds go into a state of semi-hibernation for the night, conserving energy by lowering its body temperature by 12 to 15 degrees F. During the day, it is capable of eating 60% of its body weight, and can start the day with no body fat, but metabolize all that food to stored fat by nightfall. It then shivers through the night, burning the fat; up to 10% of its total body mass.
The researchers also found that the birds survive better when there are feeders in the area, but do not become dependent on them.
Breeding
Black-capped Chickadees usually prepare their own nesting hole in soft, rotting tree stumps. Enticing them into breeding boxes is difficult, although it sometimes help to fill the boxes with wood shavings, which deceives the chickadees; they carry the wood shavings out bit by bit and accept the box for nesting. 6-8 brown-speckled white eggs in a cup of grass, fur, plant down, feathers, and moss, placed in a hole in a rotten tree stub excavated by the birds, or in a natural cavity or bird box.
Vocalisation
A buzzy chick-a-dee-dee-dee or a clear, whistled fee-bee, the second note lower and often doubled sounding like cheese-bur-ger or "hey-sweetie. The "hey-sweetie" song has a few unusual features:
As background, perching birds can be divided into 2 major groups, the Oscines, or "true" songbirds, and the Suboscines, represented in North America by the flycatchers. Most suboscine birds are genetically programmed to sing a certain song. If you raise a willow flycatcher baby in a lab and only let it hear alder flycatcher songs, as an adult it will still sing perfect willow flycatcher songs.
Most oscine songbirds learn their songs, copying the adults around them. Just as a person growing up in New York develops a different accent than a person growing up in Georgia, so most songbirds develop regional “dialects”. For example, in the Point Reyes National Seashore in California alone, 6 separate white-throated sparrow dialects have been mapped
The usual black capped chickadee song is a 2 part whistle. The first note has a higher pitch than the second note and decreases slightly in pitch as it is sung, which may be important for species recognition. The second note has a decrease in amplitude in the middle of it, so it comes across as 2 “syllables”. The song is described by various authors as sounding like “fee-bee-ee”, or “hey-sweetie”. There are several strange things about this song. Chickadees have been recorded across the continent, from Alaska to Maine, and with rare exceptions the song is exactly the same across the continent, without dialects. Why the song is so similar across the continent is unclear. One possibility, that it is genetically programmed into the birds just as it is in flycatchers, was ruled out in experiments where chickadees were raised in captivity, and developed very abnormal songs. Surprisingly, on Martha’s Vinyard, Chappaquiddick and Nantucket, there are four separate chickadee dialects, where in some locations the birds sing “sweetie-hey” , “sosweetie-sweetie”, sweetie-sweetie” or the usual hey-sweetie. There are also dialects in isolated areas in Washington and Oregon, but otherwise it’s the same song across the rest of the continent. A thoorough discussion of this can be found in Dr Donald Kroodsma's book "The Singing Life of Birds".
Another unusual thing is that that most songs function to defend territory and to attract mates and are only uttered in the breeding season but the chickadee song is sung year-round. Chickadees pair-bond while in their winter flocks. Males in winter flocks do sing the “hey-sweetie” song, but usually only after removing themselves away from the flock and it doesn’t seem to play a role in attracting mates. In one study on this, the song was never sung by a male when he was within 10 meters of his mate. During the breeding season the song serves an unusual function. To quote from an article on this, the song is “not serving as a distant threat to other males, but rather as a means of locating the rival, challenging and beckoning him to a meeting site rather than as a means of repelling him from a fixed boundary.” Once a rival male does appear, the bird may shift his song to a lower frequency, which is apparently an aggressive signal. If the birds approach closely to one another, the “hey-sweetie” song is dropped altogether and the birds utter a two to thirteen note call called the “gargle” call. This is a battle cry, and if one bird does not depart a fight will break out. Interestingly, gargle calls do have regional dialects and each chickadee has a repertoire of different gargle calls.
Just as the words “Love” and “Leave” have similar letters but different meanings, so the gargle call is also used in another context, in copulation. It is sometimes preceded by a high pitched “see” and is given during mating, although with very specific note combinations. To quote from some research on this, “We observed the complete copulatory sequence 8 times... either sex initiated sexual activity by uttering variable sees, often while quivering the wings. The male then continued Variable Sees, ending in a gargle just as he mounted the female. All copulations were preceded by these calls.” To continue, “We found remarkable stereotypy in the sexual Gargles for each population, although the agonistic gargles in each population are highly variable... Although both share the same syllables, sexual gargles have unique syllable combinations that may reduce the possibility of confusion concerning the message of the calls. Following agonistic Gargles, the recipient usually moves away; if it does not, it is attacked by the individual giving the call. During sexual gargles the two birds remain in close proximity.” Thus the gargle call functions more like a traditional "song" than the "hey-sweetie" song does. Obviously this scratches the surface of understanding chickadee vocalization, but we are learning how these birds communicate and interact. [2]
References
- Clements, JF. 2011. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to August 2011. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
- A good review of this subject can be found in an article in The Auk 95:34-48, The Vocal Repertoire of the Black Capped Chickadee, which discusses 11 adult chickadee vocalizations (there are now felt to be 15 total, 12 given by adults). A discussion of the gargle call is found in the Auk 102:145-151. These, and many other articles, can be accessed online through the Searchable Ornithological Research Archive at http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/,
- Sibley on identification of the Black-capped and Carolina Chickadees
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Black-capped Chickadee. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 9 November 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Black-capped_Chickadee
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.
