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''Sterna maxima'' | ''Sterna maxima'' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| + | [[Image:Royal_Tern.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''T. m. maximus'' in post-breeding plumage<br />Photo by {{user|richard+bledsoe|richard bledsoe}} <br / >Near La Jolla, [[California]]]] | ||
Length 45–51 cm (17¾-20 in), wingspan 100-135 cm, weight 320-500 g<br /> | Length 45–51 cm (17¾-20 in), wingspan 100-135 cm, weight 320-500 g<br /> | ||
*Long orange bill (variable between yellowish-orange to reddish-orange, but never black-tipped) | *Long orange bill (variable between yellowish-orange to reddish-orange, but never black-tipped) | ||
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*From summer to winter, the black crown recedes to leave a white forecrown | *From summer to winter, the black crown recedes to leave a white forecrown | ||
*Juvenile mottled with pale sandy brown above | *Juvenile mottled with pale sandy brown above | ||
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====Similar Species==== | ====Similar Species==== | ||
| + | [[Image:Royal tern juv.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile ''T. m. maximus''<br />Photo by {{user|scottishdude|scottishdude}}<br />Fort Lauderdale, [[Florida]], March 07]] | ||
*[[Caspian Tern]] is substantially larger, with a heavy red bill with blackish tip, less shaggy crest, and primary feathers with dark undersides. | *[[Caspian Tern]] is substantially larger, with a heavy red bill with blackish tip, less shaggy crest, and primary feathers with dark undersides. | ||
*[[Lesser Crested Tern]] is slightly smaller and with a slimmer bill, and in close views, with a pale grey (not white) rump. | *[[Lesser Crested Tern]] is slightly smaller and with a slimmer bill, and in close views, with a pale grey (not white) rump. | ||
*[[Elegant Tern]] is also slightly smaller and with a slimmer, slightly downcurved bill; it holds full black crown later into the summer (to late July to August). | *[[Elegant Tern]] is also slightly smaller and with a slimmer, slightly downcurved bill; it holds full black crown later into the summer (to late July to August). | ||
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==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
Warm temperate to tropical coasts of [[North America]], [[Central America]], [[South America]], and western [[Africa]]. Resident or short-distance migrant; also dispersive, particularly northward in late summer on the Atlantic coast of North America, north to [[Nova Scotia]], rarely even [[Newfoundland]]. Very rare vagrant to western [[Europe]]. Unlike Caspian Tern, extremely rare inland. | Warm temperate to tropical coasts of [[North America]], [[Central America]], [[South America]], and western [[Africa]]. Resident or short-distance migrant; also dispersive, particularly northward in late summer on the Atlantic coast of North America, north to [[Nova Scotia]], rarely even [[Newfoundland]]. Very rare vagrant to western [[Europe]]. Unlike Caspian Tern, extremely rare inland. | ||
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Like other ''Thalasseus'' terns, the Royal Tern was formerly often placed in the genus ''Sterna''. | Like other ''Thalasseus'' terns, the Royal Tern was formerly often placed in the genus ''Sterna''. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| + | [[Image:16749Royal Tern.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''T. m. albididorsalis''<br />Photo by {{user|Robert+L+Jarvis|Robert L Jarvis}}<br />[[The Gambia]], January 2007]] | ||
There are two subspecies:<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> | There are two subspecies:<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> | ||
*''T. m. maximus'': | *''T. m. maximus'': | ||
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*''T. m. albididorsalis'': | *''T. m. albididorsalis'': | ||
:*Atlantic coast of west Africa from [[Mauritania]] to [[Guinea]]; winters to [[Namibia]] | :*Atlantic coast of west Africa from [[Mauritania]] to [[Guinea]]; winters to [[Namibia]] | ||
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==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Revision as of 09:35, 11 June 2017
- Thalasseus maximus
Sterna maxima
Identification
Length 45–51 cm (17¾-20 in), wingspan 100-135 cm, weight 320-500 g
- Long orange bill (variable between yellowish-orange to reddish-orange, but never black-tipped)
- Pale grey upperparts
- White underparts, including all except tips of primaries in underwing
- Black legs
- Noticeable shaggy black crest; full black crown only in spring at the start of the breeding season (February to May or June).
- From summer to winter, the black crown recedes to leave a white forecrown
- Juvenile mottled with pale sandy brown above
Similar Species
- Caspian Tern is substantially larger, with a heavy red bill with blackish tip, less shaggy crest, and primary feathers with dark undersides.
- Lesser Crested Tern is slightly smaller and with a slimmer bill, and in close views, with a pale grey (not white) rump.
- Elegant Tern is also slightly smaller and with a slimmer, slightly downcurved bill; it holds full black crown later into the summer (to late July to August).
Distribution
Warm temperate to tropical coasts of North America, Central America, South America, and western Africa. Resident or short-distance migrant; also dispersive, particularly northward in late summer on the Atlantic coast of North America, north to Nova Scotia, rarely even Newfoundland. Very rare vagrant to western Europe. Unlike Caspian Tern, extremely rare inland.
Taxonomy
Like other Thalasseus terns, the Royal Tern was formerly often placed in the genus Sterna.
Subspecies
There are two subspecies:[1]
- T. m. maximus:
- Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of the Americas from eastern USA to West Indies, Guianas, Brazil to south-central Argentina; also the Pacific coast from southern California south to Peru
- T. m. albididorsalis:
- Atlantic coast of west Africa from Mauritania to Guinea; winters to Namibia
Habitat
Coasts and islands.
Behaviour
Breeding
It nests in a ground scrape and lays 1-2 eggs.
Diet
It feeds by plunge-diving for fish.
Vocalisation
Call: krryuk or kree-it
Reference
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016, with updates to August 2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved August 2016)
- Collins Field Guide 5th Edition
- Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
- Wikipedia
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Royal Tern. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 7 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Royal_Tern
External Links
