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;[[:Category:Turdus|Turdus]] iliacus | ;[[:Category:Turdus|Turdus]] iliacus | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | + | Length 20-24 cm, weight 46-80 g<br> | |
| − | + | '''Adult''': olive-brown upperparts and marked light supercilium. Underparts are paler but with a spotted breast (which are arranged in vertical lines) and chestnut flanks and underwing. Dark brown bill and yellowy-brown legs.<br> | |
| + | '''Juvenile''': similar, but also streaked above. | ||
====Similar Species==== | ====Similar Species==== | ||
[[Song Thrush]], which lacks the eyestripe and [[Fieldfare]], which has a grey head. In poor light, or distant views could be confused with [[Dusky Thrush]] or [[Eye-browed Thrush]]. | [[Song Thrush]], which lacks the eyestripe and [[Fieldfare]], which has a grey head. In poor light, or distant views could be confused with [[Dusky Thrush]] or [[Eye-browed Thrush]]. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
[[Image:RW IMG 8315ao.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />[[Cowpen Bewley Woodland Park]], Billingham, Cleveland, [[UK]] December 2008]] | [[Image:RW IMG 8315ao.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />[[Cowpen Bewley Woodland Park]], Billingham, Cleveland, [[UK]] December 2008]] | ||
| − | '''Breeds''' in [[Scandinavia]]. | + | '''Breeds''' in [[Iceland]], northern [[Scotland]] (rare), [[Scandinavia]], eastern [[Poland]], the [[Baltic States]], [[Belarus]], and across most of [[Russia]] east to central Magadan Oblast in eastern Siberia.<br> |
| + | '''Winter''' visitor to [[Britain]], continental [[Europe]], the [[Mediterranean]] region, and east to northern [[Iran]]. A casual '''vagrant''' to northeastern [[North America]]. | ||
| + | |||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | ====Subspecies<sup>[[#References|[ | + | Relationships unclear; a genetic study rather surprisingly suggested it is not related to other European and Asian thrushes, instead being closer to a group of American thrushes including [[American Robin|''T. migratorius'']]<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. |
| − | '' | + | ====Subspecies==== |
| − | :*[[ | + | There are two subspecies<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>: |
| − | '' | + | *''T. i. iliacus'': |
| − | :* | + | :*Northern [[Europe]] to northeastern [[Asia]]; winters to north [[Africa]] and Near East |
| + | *''T. i. coburni'': | ||
| + | :*[[Iceland]] and [[Faeroes]]; winters northwestern [[Europe]], mainly [[Ireland]] and western [[Scotland]]. Darker above. | ||
| + | |||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Winters in open countryside, hedges, orchards and open, grassy fields. | Winters in open countryside, hedges, orchards and open, grassy fields. | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | + | Breeds in mixed conifer and birch forests. In the wintering grounds, it feeds on berries in trees, and on invertebrates (earthworms, etc.) in moist grassland. It typically forms loose flocks mixed with [[Fieldfare]]s and [[Common Starling]]s, and to a lesser extent with [[Song Thrush|Song]] and [[Mistle Thrush]]es. Vagrants in North America usually associate with flocks of [[American Robin]]s. | |
====Flight==== | ====Flight==== | ||
| − | Fast and rather like a [[Common Starling]]. | + | Fast and rather like a [[Common Starling]], but with more rounded wings, and flying in looser flocks. Mainly migrates at night. |
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
Its diet includes berries and worms. | Its diet includes berries and worms. | ||
| Line 26: | Line 32: | ||
Nests in tree stumps, in trees or bushes, or on the ground. Often assocated with [[Fieldfare]] colonies. | Nests in tree stumps, in trees or bushes, or on the ground. Often assocated with [[Fieldfare]] colonies. | ||
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
| − | '''Call''': a thin "see-ip" or "seeze". | + | '''Call''': a thin "see-ip" or "seeze".<br> |
| + | '''Song''': subsong (recording, below) a medley of whistling, often heard from flocks in late winter; territorial song louder and more stereotyped. | ||
<flashmp3>Turdus iliacus (song).mp3</flashmp3><br /> | <flashmp3>Turdus iliacus (song).mp3</flashmp3><br /> | ||
''[[Media:Turdus iliacus (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ''[[Media:Turdus iliacus (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| + | #Voelker, G. et al. (2007). Molecular systematics of a speciose, cosmopolitan songbird genus: defining the limits of and relationships among the ''Turdus'' thrushes. ''Mol Phylogenet Evol''. 42: 422-434. | ||
#{{Ref-Clements6thDec08}}#Birds of Britain | #{{Ref-Clements6thDec08}}#Birds of Britain | ||
#Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966 | #Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966 | ||
Revision as of 23:14, 7 December 2014
- Turdus iliacus
Identification
Length 20-24 cm, weight 46-80 g
Adult: olive-brown upperparts and marked light supercilium. Underparts are paler but with a spotted breast (which are arranged in vertical lines) and chestnut flanks and underwing. Dark brown bill and yellowy-brown legs.
Juvenile: similar, but also streaked above.
Similar Species
Song Thrush, which lacks the eyestripe and Fieldfare, which has a grey head. In poor light, or distant views could be confused with Dusky Thrush or Eye-browed Thrush.
Distribution
Breeds in Iceland, northern Scotland (rare), Scandinavia, eastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus, and across most of Russia east to central Magadan Oblast in eastern Siberia.
Winter visitor to Britain, continental Europe, the Mediterranean region, and east to northern Iran. A casual vagrant to northeastern North America.
Taxonomy
Relationships unclear; a genetic study rather surprisingly suggested it is not related to other European and Asian thrushes, instead being closer to a group of American thrushes including T. migratorius[1].
Subspecies
There are two subspecies[2]:
- T. i. iliacus:
- T. i. coburni:
Habitat
Winters in open countryside, hedges, orchards and open, grassy fields.
Behaviour
Breeds in mixed conifer and birch forests. In the wintering grounds, it feeds on berries in trees, and on invertebrates (earthworms, etc.) in moist grassland. It typically forms loose flocks mixed with Fieldfares and Common Starlings, and to a lesser extent with Song and Mistle Thrushes. Vagrants in North America usually associate with flocks of American Robins.
Flight
Fast and rather like a Common Starling, but with more rounded wings, and flying in looser flocks. Mainly migrates at night.
Diet
Its diet includes berries and worms.
Breeding
Nests in tree stumps, in trees or bushes, or on the ground. Often assocated with Fieldfare colonies.
Vocalisation
Call: a thin "see-ip" or "seeze".
Song: subsong (recording, below) a medley of whistling, often heard from flocks in late winter; territorial song louder and more stereotyped.
<flashmp3>Turdus iliacus (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
References
- Voelker, G. et al. (2007). Molecular systematics of a speciose, cosmopolitan songbird genus: defining the limits of and relationships among the Turdus thrushes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 42: 422-434.
- Clements, JF. 2008. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2008. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019.
- Birds of Britain
- Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966
- Collins Field Guide 5th Edition
External Links
