Difference between revisions of "Orchard Oriole" - BirdForum Opus

Latest revision as of 20:22, 1 July 2023

Adult male
Photo © by steve messick
Crow Valley Recreational Area, Weld County Colorado, 19 June 2004

Icterus spurius

Includes: Ochre Oriole

Identification

Female
Photo © by bobsofpa
Fort DeSoto Park, Florida, USA, 24 April 2008

15–17 cm (6-6½ in)
Males are bright chestnut underneath, while the head, back, tail, and wings are black; a thin straight bill.
Females and immatures are olive-green above with two white wing-bars and yellowish underparts; immature males have a dark throat.

Similar Species

Female/young Hooded Orioles can be quite similar, but notice they have a slimmer, longer, more decurved bill and a graduated tail.

Distribution

Eastern United States from eastern Montana and eastern New Mexico east and north to southern Michigan, central New York, and Massachusetts south into central Mexico; absent from southern Florida. Recent results suggest that at least part of the US population after having bred in early parts of summer migrates to north-western Mexico where a second round of breeding takes place.

Winters in Central America south to Colombia and Venezuela. Rare to casual vagrant in western United States.

Taxonomy

First Year Male
Photo © by tetoneon
Northwest New Jersey, 10 June 2011

Subspecies

Two subspecies accepted^[1]:

I. s. spurius:

Breeds from south east Canada to Mexico, winters to Colombia and Venezuela

I. s. fuertesi:

Caribbean coast of Mexico (mainly Veracruz), winters on Pacific coast straight S of breeding area, and possibly other places

fuertesi is sometimes split as full species, Ochre Oriole or Fuerte's Oriole.

Habitat

Open woodland, trees along streams, rivers and lakes, and on farms and parklands. Avoids dense woodland.

Behaviour

Diet

Their main diet consists of insects such as flies and ants, with the addition of berries and nectar; also flower parts.

Breeding

Male, subspecies spurius
Photo © by Stanley Jones
Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, Chambers County, Texas, USA, 7 April 2018

They construct a deep, hanging cup nest, from grass fibres. It is hidden within dense foliage, often in a cluster of trees. The young fledge 11 to 14 days after hatching.

Vocalisation

Song: a musical chirping warble. Best heard in the spring soon after the male arrives.

Movements

Long-distance migrant. Almost all migrate to area from S Mexico (Colima and Veracruz) south to northern South America.

References

Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Rohwer, S.A., Hobson, K.A., & Rohwer, V.G. (2009). Migratory double breeding in Neotropical migrant birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 45, 19050-5. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908121106
Fraga, R. (2020). Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/62266 on 5 January 2020).
Jaramillo, A., & Burke, P. (1999). New World Blackbirds: The Icterids. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
Scharf, W. C. and J. Kren (2010). Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.255

List of references

Recommended Citation

BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Orchard Oriole. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 14 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Orchard_Oriole

External Links

Search for photos of Orchard Oriole in the gallery

GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-;Icterus spurius
+[[Image:Orchard_Oriole.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Adult male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|steve+messick|steve messick}}<br />Crow Valley Recreational Area, Weld County [[Colorado]], 19 June 2004]]
-[[Image:Orchard_Oriole.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by steve messick]]
+;[[:Category:Icterus|Icterus]] spurius
+'''Includes: Ochre Oriole'''
 ==Identification==
--10 in.  Males are bright chestnut underneath, while the head, back, tail, and wings are black; a thin straight bill.  Females and immatures are olive-green above with two white wing-bars and yellowish underparts; immature males have a dark throat.  Immature males aquire the adult plumage in their second summer.Length: 6 inches Sharply-pointed bill Male: Black head, back, breast, wings and tail Brown underparts, shoulder, and rump Immature male similar to female but has black throat Female: Greenish-gray upperparts Yellowish underparts Two wing bars
+[[Image:Female_Orchard_Oriole_by_bobsofpa.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Fort DeSoto Park, [[Florida]], [[USA]], 24 April 2008]]
+–17 cm (6-6½ in)<br />
+Males are bright chestnut underneath, while the head, back, tail, and wings are black; a thin straight bill.<br />
+Females and immatures are olive-green above with two white wing-bars and yellowish underparts; immature males have a dark throat.
+====Similar Species====
+Female/young [[Hooded Oriole]]s can be quite similar, but notice they have a slimmer, longer, more [[Topography#Beaks|decurved]] bill and a graduated tail.
+==Distribution==
+Eastern [[United States]] from eastern [[Montana]] and eastern [[New Mexico]] east and north to southern [[Michigan]], central [[New York]], and [[Massachusetts]] south into central [[Mexico]]; absent from southern [[Florida]]. Recent results suggest that at least part of the US population after having bred in early parts of summer migrates to north-western Mexico where a second round of breeding takes place.
-==Distribution==
+Winters in [[Central America]] south to [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]].
-Breeds in eastern North America into central Mexico and winters from Mexico into northern South America.
+Rare to casual vagrant in western United States.
 ==Taxonomy==
+[[Image:IMG 18521.JPG|thumb|350px|right|First Year Male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|tetoneon|tetoneon}}<br />Northwest [[New Jersey]], 10 June 2011]]
+====Subspecies====
+Two subspecies accepted<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>:
+* ''I. s. spurius'':
+:*Breeds from south east [[Canada]] to [[Mexico]], winters to [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]]
+* ''I. s. fuertesi'':
+:*[[Caribbean]] coast of Mexico (mainly Veracruz), winters on Pacific coast straight S of breeding area, and possibly other places
+''fuertesi'' is sometimes split as full species, Ochre Oriole or Fuerte's Oriole.
 ==Habitat==
-The Orchard Oriole is found nesting in shade trees along streams, rivers and lakes, and on farms and parklands.
+Open woodland, trees along streams, rivers and lakes, and on farms and parklands. Avoids dense woodland.
 ==Behaviour==
+====Diet====
+Their main diet consists of insects such as flies and ants, with the addition of berries and nectar; also flower parts.
+====Breeding====
+[[Image:Orchard Oriole Anahuac.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male, subspecies ''spurius''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />[[Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge]], Chambers County, [[Texas]], [[USA]], 7 April 2018]]
+They construct a deep, hanging cup nest, from grass fibres. It is hidden within dense foliage, often in a cluster of trees. The young fledge 11 to 14 days after hatching.
+====Vocalisation====
+'''Song''': a musical chirping warble. Best heard in the spring soon after the male arrives.
+====Movements====
+Long-distance migrant. Almost all migrate to area from S Mexico (Colima and Veracruz) south to northern South America.
-Only loosely territorial, the Orchard Oriole is often described as a "semicolonial" species in areas of prime habitat, but it is relatively solitary in marginal habitats. In areas of dense nesting, one tree may contain multiple nests. The Orchard Oriole is a rather late spring migrant, but it heads back southward quickly. Some orioles may return to their wintering grounds as early as mid-July. The Orchard Oriole eats nectar and pollen from flowers, especially during the winter. It is an important pollinator for some tropical tree species, transferring the pollen from flower to flower on its head.
+==References==
+#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#Rohwer, S.A., Hobson, K.A., & Rohwer, V.G. (2009). Migratory double breeding in Neotropical migrant birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 45, 19050-5. [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/10/23/0908121106.full.pdf+html?sid=8b8b4693-427c-44f1-bc91-c5e033220adc DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908121106]
+#Fraga, R. (2020). Orchard Oriole (''Icterus spurius''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/62266 on 5 January 2020).
+#Jaramillo, A., & Burke, P. (1999). New World Blackbirds: The Icterids. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
+#Scharf, W. C. and J. Kren (2010). Orchard Oriole (''Icterus spurius''), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.255
+{{ref}}
-They forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects and feed from flowers. These birds mainly eat insects, berries and nectar; also flower parts.
+==External Links==
+{{GSearch|"Icterus spurius" {{!}}  "Orchard Oriole" {{!}} "Ochre Oriole"}}
-Nests form a deep, hanging cup, although not as pendulous as those of Baltimore Orioles (I. Galbula), and are invariably woven of grass fibers. They are usually hidden within dense foliage, often in a dense cluster of trees. In the South, nests are frequently located within clumps of Spanish moss. Sometimes Orchard Orioles nest near Eastern Kingbirds whose aggressive defense of their nesting territory also benefits neighboring birds.
+{{GS-checked}}1
+<br />
+<br />
-The male Orchard Oriole sings more to attract a mate than to defend territory. They are only weakly territorial and defend just a very small area around the nest. One song type is short, lasting approximately two seconds, and sounds similar to the song of a Purple or House Finch. A second song type is longer, lasting three to five seconds, and consists of clearer, robin-like whistles, ending in a distinctive down-slurred note.
+[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Icterus]]
-The young leave the nest 11 to 14 days after hatching. Once fledged, the brood may disperse, the parents caring for groups of fledglings separately. As soon as fledglings are independent enough to care for themselves, Orchard Orioles begin moving south, as early as mid-July. During migration they may be found in a wide variety of open habitats, but avoiding coniferous woodlands and forests with closed canopies. Unlike most songbirds, which undergo a molt before leaving the breeding grounds, molt is suppressed in Orchard Orioles until they arrive at their tropical lowland winter home. Once there, they forage and roost in flocks that can number in the hundreds. While in the North, they feed primarily on insects; in winter nectar, flowers and fruit are important to their diet.
-Song is a musical chirping warble.  Best heard in the spring soon after the male arrives.
-==External Links==
-*[http://www.birdforum.net/pp_gallery/showgallery.php?mcats=all&what=allfields&si=orchard+oriole View more images of Orchard Oriole in the gallery]
-[[Category:Birds]]