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| − | [[Image:Fieldfare.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|robski|robski}}<br /> | + | [[Image:Fieldfare.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|robski|robski}}<br />[[Kent]], [[UK]]]] |
;[[:Category:Turdus|Turdus]] pilaris | ;[[:Category:Turdus|Turdus]] pilaris | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | Length 24-28 cm, weight 81-141 g <br /> | + | Length 24-28 cm (9½-11 in), weight 81-141 g <br /> |
'''Adult''' | '''Adult''' | ||
*Sexes similar | *Sexes similar | ||
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*Duller, browner, and streaked above | *Duller, browner, and streaked above | ||
====Similar species==== | ====Similar species==== | ||
| + | [[Image:Babe in the woods.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|Doc Duck|Doc Duck}}<br />Trondheim, [[Norway]], June 2013]] | ||
[[Mistle Thrush]] is slightly larger, and uniform grey-brown above; it shares the white underwing. [[Redwing]] and [[Song Thrush]] are both smaller, brown above, and have red and orange underwings respectively; Redwing also has a white supercilium. | [[Mistle Thrush]] is slightly larger, and uniform grey-brown above; it shares the white underwing. [[Redwing]] and [[Song Thrush]] are both smaller, brown above, and have red and orange underwings respectively; Redwing also has a white supercilium. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | + | '''Breeds''' throughout central and northern [[Europe]] and northern [[Asia]], from eastern [[France]] and the Alps north to the whole of [[Scandinavia]], south-east to northern [[Romania]], and east through [[Russia]] to the Lena River area in Yakutsk Oblast, eastern [[Siberia]], and also north-western [[China]]. There is also a small breeding population in [[Greenland]] (colonised in 1937) and in [[Iceland]] (irregular). Breeds irregularly in most years in [[Britain]], but only 'one-off' cases with no regular sites occupied. The first recorded breeding for [[Bulgaria]] occurred in 1993. Birds from north-eastern Scandinavia and north and east [[Russia]] are migratory, and those from the remainder of range partially migratory. | |
| − | '''Breeds''' throughout central and northern [[Europe]] and northern [[Asia]], from eastern [[France]] and the Alps north to the whole of [[Scandinavia]], | ||
'''Winter''' range includes [[Iceland]], the [[British Isles]] and southern parts of [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] south to the Mediterranean from [[Iberia]] to [[Israel]]. Rarely reaches northwest [[Africa]] but regular in Nile Delta. | '''Winter''' range includes [[Iceland]], the [[British Isles]] and southern parts of [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] south to the Mediterranean from [[Iberia]] to [[Israel]]. Rarely reaches northwest [[Africa]] but regular in Nile Delta. | ||
| − | + | [[Image:One of the multitude1.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Fledgling<br />Photo by {{user|Doc+Duck|Doc Duck}}<br />Dragvoll, [[Norway]], June 2016]] | |
'''Vagrants''' recorded in [[Svalbard]], Bear Island and Jan Mayen, and also [[Madeira]]. The Greenland population has been the source of vagrants to the northeast [[USA]] and eastern [[Canada]]. | '''Vagrants''' recorded in [[Svalbard]], Bear Island and Jan Mayen, and also [[Madeira]]. The Greenland population has been the source of vagrants to the northeast [[USA]] and eastern [[Canada]]. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
[[Image:177K7425.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|targetman|targetman}}<br />[[Lincolnshire]]]] | [[Image:177K7425.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|targetman|targetman}}<br />[[Lincolnshire]]]] | ||
| − | Breeds in open birch, alder or coniferous woodland, often in damp areas and along rivers. Also in more open, moorland-type habitats with stunted trees and rocky outcrops. On passage and in winter in open scrub with berry-bearing shrubs (mainly hawthorn ''Crataegus'') and on damp and grassy fields interspersed with small woods and hedgerows. In severe weather often attracted to parks and gardens. | + | Breeds in open birch, alder or coniferous woodland, often in damp areas and along rivers. Also in more open, moorland-type habitats with stunted trees and rocky outcrops. |
| + | |||
| + | On passage and in winter in open scrub with berry-bearing shrubs (mainly hawthorn ''Crataegus'') and on damp and grassy fields interspersed with small woods and hedgerows. In severe weather often attracted to parks and gardens. | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | Highly gregarious all year. Nests in colonies, where all the birds share in defence against predators – has been known to kill predatory birds as large as [[:Category:Buteo|buzzards]] by repeated defecation by every member of the colony on the predator, leaving their plumage so matted as to cause the bird to become chilled. | + | Highly gregarious all year. During the winter, forms large mixed flocks with other thrushes (mainly [[Redwing]]s) and [[Common Starling|starlings]]. |
| + | ====Breeding==== | ||
| + | Nests in colonies, where all the birds share in defence against predators – has been known to kill predatory birds as large as [[:Category:Buteo|buzzards]] by repeated defecation by every member of the colony on the predator, leaving their plumage so matted as to cause the bird to become chilled. | ||
| + | ====Diet==== | ||
| + | Their diet consists of invertebrates, supplemented with berries, particularly in the winter months. | ||
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
'''Call''': loud ''chack, chack, chack'' | '''Call''': loud ''chack, chack, chack'' | ||
| Line 37: | Line 43: | ||
''[[Media:Turdus pilaris (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ''[[Media:Turdus pilaris (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref- | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug15}}#Birdwatchers Pocket Guide ISBN 1-85732-804-3 |
#BF Member observations | #BF Member observations | ||
| + | #Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved August 2016) | ||
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Revision as of 22:41, 2 August 2016
- Turdus pilaris
Identification
Length 24-28 cm (9½-11 in), weight 81-141 g
Adult
- Sexes similar
- Grey head
- Brown back
- Grey rump
- Black tail
- Breast orangey-brown with dark spots and streaks
- Belly whiter, with dark spots and streaks
- Underwing white
- Black-tipped yellow bill
Juvenile
- Duller, browner, and streaked above
Similar species
Mistle Thrush is slightly larger, and uniform grey-brown above; it shares the white underwing. Redwing and Song Thrush are both smaller, brown above, and have red and orange underwings respectively; Redwing also has a white supercilium.
Distribution
Breeds throughout central and northern Europe and northern Asia, from eastern France and the Alps north to the whole of Scandinavia, south-east to northern Romania, and east through Russia to the Lena River area in Yakutsk Oblast, eastern Siberia, and also north-western China. There is also a small breeding population in Greenland (colonised in 1937) and in Iceland (irregular). Breeds irregularly in most years in Britain, but only 'one-off' cases with no regular sites occupied. The first recorded breeding for Bulgaria occurred in 1993. Birds from north-eastern Scandinavia and north and east Russia are migratory, and those from the remainder of range partially migratory.
Winter range includes Iceland, the British Isles and southern parts of Sweden and Finland south to the Mediterranean from Iberia to Israel. Rarely reaches northwest Africa but regular in Nile Delta.
Vagrants recorded in Svalbard, Bear Island and Jan Mayen, and also Madeira. The Greenland population has been the source of vagrants to the northeast USA and eastern Canada.
Taxonomy
This is a monotypic species[1].
Habitat
Breeds in open birch, alder or coniferous woodland, often in damp areas and along rivers. Also in more open, moorland-type habitats with stunted trees and rocky outcrops.
On passage and in winter in open scrub with berry-bearing shrubs (mainly hawthorn Crataegus) and on damp and grassy fields interspersed with small woods and hedgerows. In severe weather often attracted to parks and gardens.
Behaviour
Highly gregarious all year. During the winter, forms large mixed flocks with other thrushes (mainly Redwings) and starlings.
Breeding
Nests in colonies, where all the birds share in defence against predators – has been known to kill predatory birds as large as buzzards by repeated defecation by every member of the colony on the predator, leaving their plumage so matted as to cause the bird to become chilled.
Diet
Their diet consists of invertebrates, supplemented with berries, particularly in the winter months.
Vocalisation
Call: loud chack, chack, chack
<flashmp3>Turdus pilaris (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2015. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2015, with updates to August 2015. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Birdwatchers Pocket Guide ISBN 1-85732-804-3
- BF Member observations
- Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved August 2016)
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Fieldfare. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 28 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Fieldfare
External Links
