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| − | '''Includes: Canary Islands | + | '''Includes: Canary Islands Goldcrest''' |
[[Image:Goldcrest.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Andy+Bright|Andy Bright}}<br />[[Hertfordshire]], [[UK]], March 2004]] | [[Image:Goldcrest.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Andy+Bright|Andy Bright}}<br />[[Hertfordshire]], [[UK]], March 2004]] | ||
;[[:Category:Regulus|Regulus]] regulus | ;[[:Category:Regulus|Regulus]] regulus | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | + | [[Image:DSC 03211.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Hovering in front of flowers <br />Photo by {{user|Chocky|Chocky}}<br />[[Devon]], [[UK]], January 2014 ]] | |
| + | Length 9 cm, weight 5-7 g<br /> | ||
'''Adult''' | '''Adult''' | ||
| − | * | + | *Olive-green upperparts |
*Wings have two white wing bars and a dark mark | *Wings have two white wing bars and a dark mark | ||
| − | * | + | *Dull whitish-buff underparts |
| − | *Head: black border to orange | + | *Head: black border to orange ('''male''') or yellow-orange crown ('''female'''), or plain olive-green ('''juvenile''') |
*Thin black bill | *Thin black bill | ||
| + | *Narrow black moustachial line | ||
*Brown legs | *Brown legs | ||
====Similar Species==== | ====Similar Species==== | ||
| − | |||
[[Firecrest]] has a white supercillium and black eyestripe.<br /> | [[Firecrest]] has a white supercillium and black eyestripe.<br /> | ||
The tiny size and lack of supercillium distinguishes it from all other small green warblers. | The tiny size and lack of supercillium distinguishes it from all other small green warblers. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Widespread throughout [[Europe]] | + | Widespread throughout [[Europe]] and temperate [[Asia]]; scarce winter visitor to northwest [[Africa]]. Sedentary or short-distance migrant; vacates colder northern areas in winter. Occurs from sea level, to a maximum of 4,000 m altitude in the Himalaya. |
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| − | There are 12 | + | [[Image:Goldcrest_ai.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''R. r. tristis''<br />Photo by {{user|Askar+Isabekov|Askar Isabekov}}<br /> [[Ile-Alatau National Park]], [[Kazakhstan]], January 2007]] |
| − | *''R. r. regulus (anglorum, interni | + | There are 12 to 14 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup><sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>: |
| − | *''R. r. azoricus '': [[Azores]] (São Miguel Island | + | *''R. r. regulus'' (includes ''R. r. anglorum, R. r. interni''): [[Europe]] to [[Asia Minor]] and western [[Siberia]]; winters to Mediterranean |
| + | *''R. r. azoricus '': [[Azores]] (São Miguel Island) | ||
*''R. r. sanctaemariae'': Azores (Santa Maria Island) | *''R. r. sanctaemariae'': Azores (Santa Maria Island) | ||
| − | *''R. r. inermis'': | + | *''R. r. inermis'': western Azores (Flores, Faial, Pico, São Jorge and Terciera) |
| − | + | *''R. r. teneriffae'': [[Canary Islands]] (sometimes split as full species '''Canary Islands Goldcrest''') | |
| − | *''R. r. teneriffae'': [[Canary Islands]] | + | *''R. r. ellenthalerae'': western Canary Islands (included in ''R. r. teneriffae'' by some authors<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>) |
*''R. r. buturlini'': [[Crimea]], Caucasus and Azerbaijan; winters to northern [[Iran]] | *''R. r. buturlini'': [[Crimea]], Caucasus and Azerbaijan; winters to northern [[Iran]] | ||
| − | *''R. r. hyrcanus'': | + | *''R. r. hyrcanus'': eastern [[Turkey]] (Elburz Mountains) to northern [[Iran]] (southern Caspian District) |
| − | *''R. r. coatsi'': | + | *''R. r. coatsi'': western [[Siberia]] to Altai Mountains; winters to southern Nan Shan Mountains |
| − | *''R. r. tristis'': | + | *''R. r. tristis'': mountains of central [[Asia]]; winters to Transcaspia and western [[Iran]] |
| − | *''R. r. himalayensis'': | + | *''R. r. himalayensis'': Himalaya of [[Afghanistan]] to [[Pakistan]] and [[Nepal]] |
| − | *''R. r. sikkimensis'': | + | *''R. r. sikkimensis'': Himalaya of [[Nepal]] to south-eastern [[Tibet]] and western [[China]] |
| − | *''R. r. japonensis'': | + | *''R. r. japonensis'': mountains of Manchuria to northern and eastern [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |
| − | *''R. r. yunnanensis'': | + | *''R. r. yunnanensis'': mountains of western [[China]] (southern Gansu and Shaanxi to Sichuan and Yunnan) |
| + | The subspecies differ in colour tone (''R. r. coatsi'' the palest, ''R. r. yunnanensis'' the darkest), and the width and intensity of the black crown border. In most, the black border does not extend across the forehead, but it does in ''R. r. teneriffae'' (as also in [[Firecrest]]). In ''R. r. tristis'', the body plumage is greyer, and the crown border is grey-brown, not black (see right). | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| − | + | Forests, woods and large gardens with scattered trees. Prefers conifers for breeding. Can be found in gorse and other scrub on heaths outside of the breeding season. | |
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | + | Often joins mixed tit flocks in the winter. In very tall conifers (40-60 m tall), will form vertically stacked breeding territories with separate pairs in upper and lower canopy. | |
====Flight==== | ====Flight==== | ||
Undulating flight. Often hovers when feeding in the tree canopy. | Undulating flight. Often hovers when feeding in the tree canopy. | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | The diet consists mainly of insects. | + | The diet consists mainly of small insects and spiders. |
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
The nest is suspended under a conifer branch. | The nest is suspended under a conifer branch. | ||
| Line 52: | Line 55: | ||
Recorded by {{user|Andrew+Whitehouse|Andrew Whitehouse}}<br /> Inchgarth, Aberdeen, [[Scotland]], March 2010 | Recorded by {{user|Andrew+Whitehouse|Andrew Whitehouse}}<br /> Inchgarth, Aberdeen, [[Scotland]], March 2010 | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug14}}#Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966 | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug14}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker14V4.3}}#{{Ref-HBWVol11}}#Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966 |
#Collins Field Guide 5th Edition | #Collins Field Guide 5th Edition | ||
#Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6 | #Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6 | ||
Revision as of 18:59, 20 November 2014
Includes: Canary Islands Goldcrest
- Regulus regulus
Identification
Length 9 cm, weight 5-7 g
Adult
- Olive-green upperparts
- Wings have two white wing bars and a dark mark
- Dull whitish-buff underparts
- Head: black border to orange (male) or yellow-orange crown (female), or plain olive-green (juvenile)
- Thin black bill
- Narrow black moustachial line
- Brown legs
Similar Species
Firecrest has a white supercillium and black eyestripe.
The tiny size and lack of supercillium distinguishes it from all other small green warblers.
Distribution
Widespread throughout Europe and temperate Asia; scarce winter visitor to northwest Africa. Sedentary or short-distance migrant; vacates colder northern areas in winter. Occurs from sea level, to a maximum of 4,000 m altitude in the Himalaya.
Taxonomy
Subspecies
There are 12 to 14 subspecies[1][2][3]:
- R. r. regulus (includes R. r. anglorum, R. r. interni): Europe to Asia Minor and western Siberia; winters to Mediterranean
- R. r. azoricus : Azores (São Miguel Island)
- R. r. sanctaemariae: Azores (Santa Maria Island)
- R. r. inermis: western Azores (Flores, Faial, Pico, São Jorge and Terciera)
- R. r. teneriffae: Canary Islands (sometimes split as full species Canary Islands Goldcrest)
- R. r. ellenthalerae: western Canary Islands (included in R. r. teneriffae by some authors[1])
- R. r. buturlini: Crimea, Caucasus and Azerbaijan; winters to northern Iran
- R. r. hyrcanus: eastern Turkey (Elburz Mountains) to northern Iran (southern Caspian District)
- R. r. coatsi: western Siberia to Altai Mountains; winters to southern Nan Shan Mountains
- R. r. tristis: mountains of central Asia; winters to Transcaspia and western Iran
- R. r. himalayensis: Himalaya of Afghanistan to Pakistan and Nepal
- R. r. sikkimensis: Himalaya of Nepal to south-eastern Tibet and western China
- R. r. japonensis: mountains of Manchuria to northern and eastern China, Korea and Japan
- R. r. yunnanensis: mountains of western China (southern Gansu and Shaanxi to Sichuan and Yunnan)
The subspecies differ in colour tone (R. r. coatsi the palest, R. r. yunnanensis the darkest), and the width and intensity of the black crown border. In most, the black border does not extend across the forehead, but it does in R. r. teneriffae (as also in Firecrest). In R. r. tristis, the body plumage is greyer, and the crown border is grey-brown, not black (see right).
Habitat
Forests, woods and large gardens with scattered trees. Prefers conifers for breeding. Can be found in gorse and other scrub on heaths outside of the breeding season.
Behaviour
Often joins mixed tit flocks in the winter. In very tall conifers (40-60 m tall), will form vertically stacked breeding territories with separate pairs in upper and lower canopy.
Flight
Undulating flight. Often hovers when feeding in the tree canopy.
Diet
The diet consists mainly of small insects and spiders.
Breeding
The nest is suspended under a conifer branch.
Vocalisation
<flashmp3>Regulus regulus (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
<flashmp3> Goldcrest Inchgarth 200310.mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
Recorded by Andrew Whitehouse
Inchgarth, Aberdeen, Scotland, March 2010
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2014. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9., with updates to August 2014. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2014. IOC World Bird Names (version 4.3). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
- Del Hoyo, J, A Elliot, and D Christie, eds. 2006. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553064
- Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966
- Collins Field Guide 5th Edition
- Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Goldcrest. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 28 September 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Goldcrest
External Links
