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Difference between revisions of "Mountain White-eye" - BirdForum Opus

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;Zosterops montanus
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#redirect[[Warbling White-eye]]
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[[Image:Mountain_White-eye.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by mehd halaouate]]
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[[Image:Mountain_White-eye.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Mehdhalaouate|Mehd Halaouate }} <br/>West Java, [[Indonesia]] October 2005]]
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;[[:Category:Zosterops|Zosterops]] montanus
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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Photo taken: West Java, Indonesia
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11.5–12 cm  4.5-4.7 inches. 9.4–12.6 g. <br />
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*Forehead and [[Dictionary_P-S#S|Supraloral]] region yellow.
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*Medium width white [[Topography_Artwork_Heads|eyering]] with dark spot at front.
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*Black [[Topography_Artwork_Heads|lores]] extending under eyering.
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*Crown and upperparts  deep yellowish green, rump yellower.
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*[[Topography_Artwork_Wings|Primaries]] and [[Topography_Artwork_Tails|retrices]] black-brown with greeny outer edging.
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*Yellow throat, upper breast and [[Topography_Artwork_General_Anatomy|undertail coverts]].
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*Rest of underparts are dirty white with the flanks with a buff wash.
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*Eye off white or yellowish.
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*[[Topography_Artwork_Beaks|Beak]] is horn or black with base of [[Topography_Artwork_Beaks|lower mandible]] grey.
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*[[Topography_Artwork_Legs_and_Feet|Legs]] lead grey.
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*Sexes alike.
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*Juvenile duller than adult, with a greener throat, forehead similar to rest of the head, Less well marked grey brown flanks.
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==Distribution==
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[[Image:10256IMG 0254-800x600.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''Z.m. whiteheadi''<br />Photo by {{user|Romy_Ocon|Romy Ocon}} <br/>Mountain Province, [[Philippines]] June 2006]]
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[[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].
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==Taxonomy==
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There are 10 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>
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*''Z.m. whiteheadi'' Smaller and greener above.
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:*Northern [[Philippines]] (northern Luzon)
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*''Z.m. halconensis'' Larger than ''Z.m. vulcani'' occasionally a weak median stripe on belly.
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:*[[Philippines]] (Mindoro)
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*''Z.m. gilli''              
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:*[[Philippines]] (Marinduque)
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*''Z.m. pectoralis'' Wide yellow streak below, flanks washed yellow
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:*[[Philippines]] (northern Negros)
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*''Z.m. diuatae'' Very similar to ''Z.m. vulcani'' with more yellow upperparts.
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:*Southern [[Philippines]] (north Mindanao)
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*''Z.m. vulcani'' Similar to nominate with less yellow on forehead.
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:*Southern [[Philippines]] (Mount Apo and Mount Kitanglad on Mindanao)
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*''Z.m. parkesi'' Larger and more yellow than ''Z.m. whiteheadi'', face and forehead greeny gold, eyering stronger and <br />  brighter yellow on chin, throat and undertail coverts.
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:*Southwest [[Philippines]] (Palawan)
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*''Z.m. obstinatus'' Yellow belly.
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:*[[Indonesia]]: Moluccas (Ternate, Bacan and Seram)
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*''Z.m. montanus''
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:*[[Indonesia]]: Central [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Sulawesi]], Sula Island, Buru, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor
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*''Z.m. difficilis'' Completely yellow underparts, paler on flanks.
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:*[[Indonesia]]: Southern Sumatra
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==Habitat==
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Primary forest and shrubs of the Ericaceae family, secondary growth and forest edge. Also in isolated scrub near summit and as far up as volcanic activity permits vegetation to approach. It is often the most common species in such areas. Also in evergreen forests on Timor, Java and Luzon, hop bushes on Sumbawa and cultivated woodland on Flores. Found above 500 m, but mostly above 900–1200 m. Above 1000 m in the Philippines, 2200–3100 m on Sumatra, 1600–3300 m on Java, 1500–3500 m (sometimes as far down as 900 m) on Sulawesi where it is relatively common, it is found between 1000 m and 1300 m, common between 1000 m and up to at least 2300 m on Sumbawa, rare at 2300 m on Seram. On Java it occurs on Mount Papandayan (2660 m) and higher.
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==Behaviour==
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====Diet====
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Fruits, nectar and small insects, including small beetles, moths, caterpillars, and  lice. Gregarious, moving in fast and noisy  flocks of 4 or 5 individuals, but up to a dozen. Frequently seen in large flocks, often with other species. Occurs in upper levels of the forest.
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====Breeding====
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Recorded fromJanuary to May in the Philippines, August to October in West Java, April to June and August on Flores, August on Sulawesi.
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Nest  material said to include lichens and bits of seeding grass-heads, but very little known. 2 or 3 eggs, white or creamy, occasionally with faint bluish to light blue tint on Sulawesi, pale greenish on West Java.
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====Vocalisation====
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Geographical variation in song occurs as follows: On Sulawesi, the song starts with a “peet-peet” followed by a quiet warbling. On Sumatra a low melodious song of 3 notes. On Java a longer clear warble similar to the [[Mountain Leaf Warbler]]. Contact calls are soft, flexible and high-pitched, or metallic sounding.
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==References==
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#{{Ref-Clements6thAug15}}#Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved October 2015)
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{{ref}}
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==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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{{GSearch|Zosterops+montanus}}
  
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[[Category:Birds]]
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[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Zosterops]]

Latest revision as of 18:19, 22 August 2020

Redirect to:

Photo by Mehd Halaouate
West Java, Indonesia October 2005
Zosterops montanus

Identification

11.5–12 cm 4.5-4.7 inches. 9.4–12.6 g.

  • Forehead and Supraloral region yellow.
  • Medium width white eyering with dark spot at front.
  • Black lores extending under eyering.
  • Crown and upperparts deep yellowish green, rump yellower.
  • Primaries and retrices black-brown with greeny outer edging.
  • Yellow throat, upper breast and undertail coverts.
  • Rest of underparts are dirty white with the flanks with a buff wash.
  • Eye off white or yellowish.
  • Beak is horn or black with base of lower mandible grey.
  • Legs lead grey.
  • Sexes alike.
  • Juvenile duller than adult, with a greener throat, forehead similar to rest of the head, Less well marked grey brown flanks.

Distribution

Z.m. whiteheadi
Photo by Romy Ocon
Mountain Province, Philippines June 2006

Indonesia and the Philippines.

Taxonomy

There are 10 subspecies[1]

  • Z.m. whiteheadi Smaller and greener above.
  • Z.m. halconensis Larger than Z.m. vulcani occasionally a weak median stripe on belly.
  • Z.m. gilli
  • Z.m. pectoralis Wide yellow streak below, flanks washed yellow
  • Z.m. diuatae Very similar to Z.m. vulcani with more yellow upperparts.
  • Z.m. vulcani Similar to nominate with less yellow on forehead.
  • Southern Philippines (Mount Apo and Mount Kitanglad on Mindanao)
  • Z.m. parkesi Larger and more yellow than Z.m. whiteheadi, face and forehead greeny gold, eyering stronger and
    brighter yellow on chin, throat and undertail coverts.
  • Z.m. obstinatus Yellow belly.
  • Indonesia: Moluccas (Ternate, Bacan and Seram)
  • Z.m. montanus
  • Z.m. difficilis Completely yellow underparts, paler on flanks.

Habitat

Primary forest and shrubs of the Ericaceae family, secondary growth and forest edge. Also in isolated scrub near summit and as far up as volcanic activity permits vegetation to approach. It is often the most common species in such areas. Also in evergreen forests on Timor, Java and Luzon, hop bushes on Sumbawa and cultivated woodland on Flores. Found above 500 m, but mostly above 900–1200 m. Above 1000 m in the Philippines, 2200–3100 m on Sumatra, 1600–3300 m on Java, 1500–3500 m (sometimes as far down as 900 m) on Sulawesi where it is relatively common, it is found between 1000 m and 1300 m, common between 1000 m and up to at least 2300 m on Sumbawa, rare at 2300 m on Seram. On Java it occurs on Mount Papandayan (2660 m) and higher.

Behaviour

Diet

Fruits, nectar and small insects, including small beetles, moths, caterpillars, and lice. Gregarious, moving in fast and noisy flocks of 4 or 5 individuals, but up to a dozen. Frequently seen in large flocks, often with other species. Occurs in upper levels of the forest.

Breeding

Recorded fromJanuary to May in the Philippines, August to October in West Java, April to June and August on Flores, August on Sulawesi. Nest material said to include lichens and bits of seeding grass-heads, but very little known. 2 or 3 eggs, white or creamy, occasionally with faint bluish to light blue tint on Sulawesi, pale greenish on West Java.

Vocalisation

Geographical variation in song occurs as follows: On Sulawesi, the song starts with a “peet-peet” followed by a quiet warbling. On Sumatra a low melodious song of 3 notes. On Java a longer clear warble similar to the Mountain Leaf Warbler. Contact calls are soft, flexible and high-pitched, or metallic sounding.

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2015. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2015, with updates to August 2015. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved October 2015)

Recommended Citation

External Links

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