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Elephant Hawk larva. (1 Viewer)

harry eales

Ancient Entomologist
Over the past half century, I have bred innumerable specimens of the Elephant Hawk Moth, usually gathered in the nearly fully grown larval state. All of these that I have found have been of the brown form, although a green form of the larva is known to exist.

On checking the records of Elephant Hawk larva found in Northumberland and Durham from all sources I found that the green forn of larva had only been recorded once, since records began in 1745.

Last month I trapped a female of this species and on examining the contents of my moth trap I noticed a single Hawkmoth ova laid on egg packing material. I confined this female Elephant Hawkmoth in a sleeve over some rather stunted Willowherb that was growing in a discarded bucket containing a fair amount of compost. Although she was fed twice a day with a sugar/water mixture the female expired two days later. (Shes very worn when captured). On examining the Willowherb, I noted that she had laid several more ova.

Earlier this evening whilst examining my livestock I noted that most of the leaves of the Willowherb had been devoured and therefore I opened the sleeve and removed a total of 22 larva and put them onto fresh foodplant. Of these 22 larva only 3 were of the usual dark (brown) colour form, the remainder, were all of the green form. At present none of these larva are more than an inch and quarter long and will need feeding for several more weeks to become fully grown and ready to pupate. It will be interesting to note if there is a colour change in the larva as they grow and moult, or whether they stay the same colour.

When they are larger I will photograph them and post the pictures here. I must admit the green form is rather odd looking, but then I haven't seen it before. The three Brown forms, are the largest of all the larva and appear to have gone through one more moult than those of the green form. I'll keep you posted as to what happens during the next few weeks.

The speed at which some larva develope is truely amazing, out of some twenty larva of Poplar Hawkmoth I have, that all hatched the same day, three have already pupated, whilst the remainder are hardly half grown, yet they have all been given the same amount of fresh foodplant each day, and kept under identical conditions.

Harry
 
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Hello Harry

Look forward to hearing more on this brood. Having also noted this growth variation in a few different broods this year, and 1 last year, I can only conclude it is to do with natural genetic variation in dominance and sub dominance as in any other living creature group. Although I have also found there are those which simply end up falling so far behind that they peg it in the end, particularly at a moult stage, it appears that this is a vital test of survival or not.

The most important development I believe is a complete development within a reasonable timescale prior to pupation, to ensure enough reserves of energy for emergence and initial flight. However I am not about to stand over the tubs and start telling the little darlings how important it is to eat their greens in the morning, and there in lies the first similarity with humans, slow/fast/picky & choosy eaters, or large/low quantity intakers.

Isn't nature wonderful!! :eat:

Jim
 
Hi Harry,I never get bored with elephant hawks!

My experience this species is that they are all green for the first two instars and alot of the green ones after that seem to end up brown in the end,however I had not seen the green variety in the wild at all untill moving to this area(some 10 yrs ago)but have subsiquently noticed that the specimens found along the towpath of the Kennet and Avon canal(which runs a couple of fields away from us)are almost with out exeption green- right up to the final instar,strangely the population seems to be the normal brown colour away from the canal. Along the towpath the fireweed and willowherb tend to grow in long narrow stands perhaps one or two plants wide as oposed to the clumps elsewhere,do you think that they are possibly better camouflaged in this enviroment when green?

Colin.
 
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mothman said:
Hi Harry,I never get bored with elephant hawks!

My experience this species is that they are all green for the first two instars and alot of the green ones after that seem to end up brown in the end,however I had not seen the green variety in the wild at all untill moving to this area(some 10 yrs ago)but have subsiquently noticed that the specimens found along the towpath of the Kennet and Avon canal(which runs a couple of fields away from us)are almost with out exeption green- right up to the final instar,strangely the population turns to the normal brown colour away from the canal. Along the towpath the fireweed and willowherb tend to grow in long narrow stands perhaps one or two plants wide as oposed to the clumps elsewhere,do you think that they are possibly better camouflaged in this enviroment when green?

Colin.

Hello Colin,
I've never bred Elephant Hawkmoths from the ova before, I've always collected them as larva, more often than not when nearly fully fed, and as I said in my original post they were all of the brown form.

I have separated the larva, so if there are any colour changes from green to brown during moults they will stand out and confirm that changes do take place.

I think you may well be right about colour changes being to do with camouflage, if you look at Willowherb it is virtually all green until it comes to the time it flowers, by then the lower part of the stem and many of the lower leaves have gone brown. As this is where the larva usually rest during the day, a green larva would stand out. At night, when most of the larva of this species feed, I don't think colour would be material.

I'm looking forward to seeing what happens next.

Harry
 
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harry eales said:
I think you may well be right about colour changes being to do with camouflage, if you look at Willowherb it is virtually all green until it comes to the time it flowers, by then the lower part of the stem and many of the lower leaves have gone brown. As this is where the larva usually rest during the day, a green larva would stand out. At night, when most of the larva of this species feed, I don't think colour would be immaterial



Harry
I have noticed that the plants along the canal stay mostly green along their whole length (mostly Great Willowherb),as opposed to browning at the base like the clumps of Rosebay Willowherb in hedges and clearings,and I must say that the green ones are pretty difficult to see through fresh veg,If this is natural selection it seems to prove that Elephant Hawks don't breed too far from "home"despite being wanderers after breeding.

Colin.
 
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As promised, a picture of each colour form of the Elephant Hawk larva. They're only about 1.25" long at present.

Harry
 

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Deleted as a duplicate of the previous post. Every time I try to upload pictures my B****y computer crashes halfway through. B***er

Harry
 
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Lucky you Harry - look forward to seeing them progress. :clap:

Only Elephant Hawk Moth caterpillar I have ever seen was one which one of my classmates found and brought into school to show us...this was when I was about ten years old so it shows how long I've been waiting to see another!!! ;)

Even now I can't go past a clump of Willowherb without peering into the leaves but as yet I've been unsuccessful!
We've got a plot of unused land behind our cottage which is about a quarter covered by Willowherb ( and nettles!) - is there any particular part of the plant or time of day I should be searching for them?
I am DETERMINED to find one soon - Neil refuses to believe that caterpillars can be so big! I'm determined to show him otherwise. ;)

Gill
 
Gill Osborne said:
Lucky you Harry - look forward to seeing them progress. :clap:

Only Elephant Hawk Moth caterpillar I have ever seen was one which one of my classmates found and brought into school to show us...this was when I was about ten years old so it shows how long I've been waiting to see another!!! ;)

Even now I can't go past a clump of Willowherb without peering into the leaves but as yet I've been unsuccessful!
We've got a plot of unused land behind our cottage which is about a quarter covered by Willowherb ( and nettles!) - is there any particular part of the plant or time of day I should be searching for them?
I am DETERMINED to find one soon - Neil refuses to believe that caterpillars can be so big! I'm determined to show him otherwise. ;)

Gill

Hello Gill,

Elephant Hawkmoth larva tend to be nocturnal feeders, but occasionally of a hot sunny day they will come up for a snack. Better to look for them by torchlight, if you can avoid the nettles. There are bound to be larger larva of this species around. My ova came from the last Elephant Hawkmoth I saw this year but I had been trapping specimens for nearly six weeks beforehand. I've seen this species in the Wooler area, Millfield, Kirk Yetholm and up the Ingram Valley, so you should find them near your home.

Harry
 
Just a quick update on the progress of the green forms of my Elephant Hawkmoth larva. Overnight, two of the green larva moulted and changed colour into the brown form. It will be interesting to see if any of the green forms manage to keep their colouring right through to the pupal stage.

I last looked at the larva at 12.30pm just before going to bed, and there was no indication that the two larvae in the 'moulting position' had a darker skin beneath the green skin they were about to shed. I missed seeing the actual moult, being asleep, but I will watch out for the next moulting of a green larva to ascertain exactly what happens when the moult takes place.

Harry
 
harry eales said:
I've seen this species in the Wooler area, Millfield, Kirk Yetholm and up the Ingram Valley...

Those sites are virtually my back garden!!! :eek!: Ok - got two days off this weekend - three if you include the fact that I finish at 10am ( from a 5.30am start) tomorrow so i WILL be out there with my torch!!!
Perhaps I'd best let the local police know that if they get any reports of someone looking amongst clumps of willowherb ( WAS going to say the 'R' word there but remembered in time!!! ;) LOL ) by torchlight it's only me! ;)

Had two Dor Beetles come flying in through the open windows last night - not the huge ones, slightly smaller species. Still waiting for my first Cockchafer although I have a feeling their season has passed already - though it would probably scare the life out of me having something that big suddenly bumbling around the room!
Got the windows closed tonight as it's not as hot & muggy and the amount of 'things' bouncing off the glass is bizarre - makes me wonder exactly what we have flying around at night up here!

Gill
 
Todays update.

Last night whilst supplying fresh food to my Elephant Hawk larva, I noted that four more green larva had adopted the 'moulting' position. Wanting to observe the actual moult, I sat up till 3.0am, before dragging myself off to bed. I woke at 5.30am (curtesy of a very loud alarm clock) and made an immediate examination of the larva. All four had moulted and had taken on the more usual brown colouration. (I would swear I could hear then s******ing at my dismay).

From the observations made so far, it appears that the colour change is somewhat random and doesn't occur at a set instar moult or when the larva reaches a set size. The three largest larva (some 1.5" long) are still green in colour, whilst others only half their size have changed colour from green to brown.

Harry
 
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harry eales said:
Todays update.


From the observations made so far, it appears that the colour change is somewhat random and doesn't occur at a set instar moult or when the larva reaches a set size. The three largest larva (some 1.5" long) are still green in colour, whilst others only half their size have changed colour from green to brown.

Harry
Hi Harry, yes this is exactly the conclusion that I have reached after breeding this species from ova a number of times,however as I posted earlier,I have never seen a brown one before the 3rd instar,that is to say they are always green for instar 1 and 2.

Colin.Ps have you any canals up your way,because it is worth trying to see if the colour population is the same as the Kennet and Avon Canal ones,It would be worth it because a final instar green specimen is quite a handsome beasty!
 
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Update Monday 15th Aug.

My original 22 larva have been joined by two more which were found on Sunday within the same sleeved Willowherb where the rest of the original ova had been laid. Of the total of 24 larva only four now have retained their green colour. Three of these are still the largest larva of the brood.

The amount of food they are getting through is quite staggering. Morning and evening they are given 4 x 5 foot lengths of Rosebay Willowherb cut into sections so as to fit into the breeding cage, twelve hours later there's only the woody stems left, even the flowers are eaten. I'm going to increase the food supply tonight and spread the larva out into more breeding cages.

Harry
 
Hi Harry,
I know ,they are ravanous arn't they, I have been in the situation before now where I have had to travel further and further afield in search of willowherb, having exhausted my local area, and I still have the urge to pull over and collect it whenever I pass in the car despite not having bred whole broods of D elpenor for the last couple of years.

Colin.
 
Hello Colin,
Obtaining Willowherb is the least of my worries, I am making severe inroads into the drift of it in my garden. Once that is gone, there's an abundance of it within just a couple of minutes walk from my house, there's so much of it a 'Plague' of elpenor of Biblical proportions wouldn't get rid of it all. lol.

Harry
 
Update Wed. 17th August.

The last three green larva moulted overnight, and have adopted the brown colouration of the other larva. Interestingly the 'Eye Spots' have changed colour as well, from brown/white to brown/blue. None of the larva have died so far, although some mortality can usually be expected in any brood of larva.

Although the ova hatched withing a day or so of each other, the variation in size of the larva is quite remarkable, the larger larva being nearly 3/4" longer than the smallest. This may be a sexual difference or there may be other factors involved. I am going to separate the largest from the smallest and then check the sex of the pupa that are produced.

I'll make further 'posts' if anything interesting occurs.

Harry.
 
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What a shame the green larvae have all 'gone'. I wonder if the larvae which remained green longest would produce as adults offspring with a greater propensity for green larvae / longevity of green larval colouration? Or whether the green colouration is non-genetic? I wish I was doing this! (that is, studying green larvae, not producing them!)

jon
 
CornishExile said:
What a shame the green larvae have all 'gone'. I wonder if the larvae which remained green longest would produce as adults offspring with a greater propensity for green larvae / longevity of green larval colouration? Or whether the green colouration is non-genetic? I wish I was doing this! (that is, studying green larvae, not producing them!)

jon

Jon,
There's no reason why you can't do this yourself with any species of butterfly or moth. If you make preparations in advance by planting up foodplant or their seeds in a large bucket during the autumn. During the winter you could get you wife, mother, sister or someone who is handy with sewing machine to run up some sleeves, whilst you make some wire sleeve supports. Next year catch a female of the species you want to breed (most will be fertile) and confine her in the cage with the foodplant. She should lay if you feed her.

There is still a lot to be learned about even the life cycles of common species.
It is worth remembering that most of the writers of books on Lepidoptera have little practical experience on breeding many species, and in many cases just rehash the writings of someone else.

Plan what species you want to breed, prepare the necessary equipment and next year you ready for the 'off'. If you work systematically, you should write up your results and send them off to one of the several entomological magazines for publication. In that way others benefit from your experience.

Harry
 
Thanks Harry. Unfortunately living on Shetland my oprions are rather limited in the breeding stakes - an impoverished lep fauna and an inconducive climate don't help. Looks like your good advice will have to be taken up by someone else pioneering!

Jon
 
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