If sand dune grassland were to be restored on this area it would require removal of up to 1 tonne of sand per sq.m.. On the flat bottom area this could mean stripping until either rock or the water table was reached.
We conclude that the sand at 10-20cms is enriched, with raised levels of nutrients and organic matter. In some samples, especially where the poplars used to grow, this extends to the lower level sample as well. Therefore the soil profile is damaged to a considerable depth. There has also been an increase in vigorous ruderal and non-native species in this area since the poplars were felled. It is likely that the tree clearance did ecological damage by releasing a flush of nutrients, and releasing invasive and ruderal species from shade, making the problem of what to do with this area worse. These factors would also make it difficult for restoration to marram-based vegetation to succeed.