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'''Includes Violet-crowned Woodnymph; Green-crowned Woodnymph; Emerald-bellied Woodnymph''' | '''Includes Violet-crowned Woodnymph; Green-crowned Woodnymph; Emerald-bellied Woodnymph''' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| + | [[Image:Green-crowned_Woodnymph.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male Green-crowned Woodnymph<br /> Photo © by {{user|megan+perkins|megan perkins}}<br />Maquipicuna Lodge, [[Ecuador]], February 2005]] | ||
'''Male''' 10.2 cm | '''Male''' 10.2 cm | ||
*Violet or green crown, upper back, shoulders and belly | *Violet or green crown, upper back, shoulders and belly | ||
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*Green lower back | *Green lower back | ||
*Deeply forked blue-black tail<br /> | *Deeply forked blue-black tail<br /> | ||
| − | |||
'''Female''' - 8-9 cm | '''Female''' - 8-9 cm | ||
*Bright green upperparts | *Bright green upperparts | ||
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'''Immature females''': buff fringes to nape, face and rump feathers | '''Immature females''': buff fringes to nape, face and rump feathers | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | [[Image:Violet-crowned_Woodnymphb.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|Birdingcraft|Birdingcraft}}<br>Female<br />Rara Avis, [[Costa Rica]]]] | ||
Violet-crowned from [[Belize]] to Central [[Panama]]<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>, and in three separate populations in central, and north-east [[Colombia]], and western [[Venezuela]]<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>. The form Green-crowned Woodnymph occupies eastern Panama and western Colombia and thereby effectively separate Violet-crowned Woodnymph in estern and western populations. | Violet-crowned from [[Belize]] to Central [[Panama]]<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>, and in three separate populations in central, and north-east [[Colombia]], and western [[Venezuela]]<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>. The form Green-crowned Woodnymph occupies eastern Panama and western Colombia and thereby effectively separate Violet-crowned Woodnymph in estern and western populations. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| + | [[Image:Emerald-bellied_Woodnymph_by_NJLarsen.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male Emerald-bellied Woodnymph (subspecies ''hypochlora'')<br /> Photo © by {{user|NJLarsen|NJLarsen}}<br />Buenaventura, El Oro, [[Ecuador]], June 2019]] | ||
This taxon was first split into three species, [[Mexican Woodnymph]], Violet-crowned Woodnymph and Green-crowned Woodnymph. The last two were recently relumped. | This taxon was first split into three species, [[Mexican Woodnymph]], Violet-crowned Woodnymph and Green-crowned Woodnymph. The last two were recently relumped. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| − | |||
There are eight subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>: | There are eight subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>: | ||
*''T. c. townsendi'': | *''T. c. townsendi'': | ||
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* ''T. c. hypochlora'' (Emerald-bellied Woodnymph) | * ''T. c. hypochlora'' (Emerald-bellied Woodnymph) | ||
:* Pacific lowlands of Ecuador to extreme n Peru | :* Pacific lowlands of Ecuador to extreme n Peru | ||
| − | + | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Wet lowlands and foothills, observed up to heights around 1800 m. | Wet lowlands and foothills, observed up to heights around 1800 m. | ||
Revision as of 13:20, 6 October 2023
Alternative name: Purple-crowned or Blue-crowned woodnymph
- Thalurania colombica
Includes Violet-crowned Woodnymph; Green-crowned Woodnymph; Emerald-bellied Woodnymph
Identification
Male 10.2 cm
- Violet or green crown, upper back, shoulders and belly
- Iridescent green throat and breast
- Green lower back
- Deeply forked blue-black tail
Female - 8-9 cm
- Bright green upperparts
- Duller green below
- Grey throat and breast
- Tail
- Rounded
- Green at the top
- Blue-black lower half
- White corners
Young males:
- Lack violet colouring and iridescence
- Bronze underparts
Immature females: buff fringes to nape, face and rump feathers
Distribution
Violet-crowned from Belize to Central Panama1, and in three separate populations in central, and north-east Colombia, and western Venezuela2. The form Green-crowned Woodnymph occupies eastern Panama and western Colombia and thereby effectively separate Violet-crowned Woodnymph in estern and western populations.
Taxonomy
This taxon was first split into three species, Mexican Woodnymph, Violet-crowned Woodnymph and Green-crowned Woodnymph. The last two were recently relumped.
Subspecies
There are eight subspecies[1]:
- T. c. townsendi:
- T. c. venusta:
- T. c. colombica:
- T. c. rostrifera:
- North-western Venezuela (south-western Táchira)
- T. c. fannyi:
- T. c. subtropicalis:
- West-central Colombia (Cauca Valley and adjacent West and Central Andes)
- T. c. verticeps:
- T. c. hypochlora (Emerald-bellied Woodnymph)
- Pacific lowlands of Ecuador to extreme n Peru
Habitat
Wet lowlands and foothills, observed up to heights around 1800 m.
Behaviour
Breeding
The female builds the cup shaped nest from plant fibres. The clutch consists of 2 white eggs which is incubated by the female for 15-19 days; the young fledge after a further 20-26 days.
Diet
The diet includes nectar, small insects and spiders.
Vocalisation
Call: fast, high-pitched kip.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Ridgely & Gwynne 1989. Birds of Panama. Princeton Paperbacks. ISBN 0691025126
- Restall et al. 2006. Birds of Northern South America. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300124156
- Birdforum thread discussing taxonomy of Woodnymphs
- Wikipedia
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Crowned Woodnymph. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 7 June 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Crowned_Woodnymph
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1
