(Behavioural picture of juvenile. Two images 'galleried'. Behaviour expanded. References updated) |
(Picture moved from Gallery to main article. Breeding info started. References updated) |
||
| (34 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | '''Spilornis minimus''''' redirects here. For the species '''Nicobar Serpent Eagle''', see '''''[[Nicobar Serpent Eagle|Spilornis klossi]]'''''.'' | + | '''Spilornis minimus''''' redirects here. <br /> |
| − | [[Image:SnakeHEagleH 2976.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Subspecies ''cheela''<br />Photo by {{user|mikemiki|mikemik}} <br /> | + | For the species '''Nicobar Serpent Eagle''', see '''''[[Nicobar Serpent Eagle|Spilornis klossi]]'''''.'' |
| + | [[Image:SnakeHEagleH 2976.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Subspecies ''cheela''<br />Photo © by {{user|mikemiki|mikemik}} <br />Kanha National Park, Mandla, [[India]], 20 November 2015]] | ||
| + | '''Includes: Simeulue Serpent-eagle, Mentawai Serpent-eagle, Nias Serpent-eagle, Bawean Serpent-eagle, Natuna Serpent-eagle''' | ||
;[[:Category:Spilornis|Spilornis]] cheela | ;[[:Category:Spilornis|Spilornis]] cheela | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| + | [[Image:Crested Serpent Eagle 5.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Subspecies ''spilogaster'' <br />Photo © by {{user|Steve+G|Steve G}}<br />Minneriya National Park, [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> 7 August 2009]] | ||
Medium large raptor about 50–74 cm (19¾-29 in) in length. <br /> | Medium large raptor about 50–74 cm (19¾-29 in) in length. <br /> | ||
'''Adult''' | '''Adult''' | ||
*Dark brown upperparts and head | *Dark brown upperparts and head | ||
**Hooded appearance at rest | **Hooded appearance at rest | ||
| − | |||
*Pale brown underparts and underwing coverts | *Pale brown underparts and underwing coverts | ||
*Appears large-headed and owl-like due to face s hape and position of eyes | *Appears large-headed and owl-like due to face s hape and position of eyes | ||
| Line 16: | Line 18: | ||
Southern [[Asia]]. Widespread and generally common from northern [[India]] south to [[Sri Lanka]] east to southern [[China]], Hainan, [[Taiwan]] and the southern Ryukyu Islands and south to the [[Andaman Islands]] and [[Malay Peninsula]]. Also breeds on Palawan, [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], [[Java]] and many smaller islands. | Southern [[Asia]]. Widespread and generally common from northern [[India]] south to [[Sri Lanka]] east to southern [[China]], Hainan, [[Taiwan]] and the southern Ryukyu Islands and south to the [[Andaman Islands]] and [[Malay Peninsula]]. Also breeds on Palawan, [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], [[Java]] and many smaller islands. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| + | Taxonomy confused and confusing in the face of little research and multiple distinct forms. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Subspecies ''abbotti'' may be elevated as "Simeulue Serpent-eagle", ''S. abbotti'', ''sipora'' as "Mentawai Serpent-eagle", ''S. sipora'', ''asturinus'' as "Nias Serpent-eagle", ''S. asturinus'', ''baweanus'' as "Bawean Serpent-eagle", ''S. baweanus'' and (sometimes) ''natunensis'' as "Natuna Serpent-eagle", ''S. natunensis'' [[#References|[4]]]. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| − | [[Image:7Q7A3002.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''spilogaster''. Juvenile practising | + | [[Image:7Q7A3002.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''spilogaster''. Juvenile practising its hunting skills <br />Photo © by {{user|Windrider|Windrider}}<br />Wilpattu National Park, [[Sri Lanka]], 31 August 2016]] |
| − | + | [[Image:Crested Serpent Eagle TRY.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''burmanicus''<br />Photo © by {{user|robby+thai|robby thai}}<br />Tai Rom Yen NP, [[Thailand]], 6 October 2016]] | |
| − | + | Clements recognises the following subspecies [[#References|[1]]]: | |
* ''S. c. cheela'' in northern [[India]] and [[Nepal]] | * ''S. c. cheela'' in northern [[India]] and [[Nepal]] | ||
* ''S. c. melanotis'' in the Indo-Gangetic plain | * ''S. c. melanotis'' in the Indo-Gangetic plain | ||
| Line 36: | Line 41: | ||
* ''S. c. minimus'' on Nicobar Islands, [[India]] | * ''S. c. minimus'' on Nicobar Islands, [[India]] | ||
* ''S. c. perplexus'' on southern Ryukyu Islands | * ''S. c. perplexus'' on southern Ryukyu Islands | ||
| − | * ''S. c. natunensis'' | + | * ''S. c. natunensis'': "'''Natuna Serpent-eagle'''". Natunas and Belitung islands (off [[Borneo]]) |
| − | * ''S. c. abbotti'' | + | * ''S. c. abbotti'': "'''Simeulue Serpent-eagle'''". Simeulue Island (off western [[Sumatra]]) |
| − | * ''S. c. asturinus'' | + | * ''S. c. asturinus'': "'''Nias Serpent-eagle'''". Nias Island (off western [[Sumatra]]) |
| − | * ''S. c. sipora'' | + | * ''S. c. sipora'': "'''Mentawai Serpent-eagle'''". Mentawai Archipelago (off western [[Sumatra]]) |
| − | * ''S. c. baweanus'' | + | * ''S. c. baweanus'': "'''Bawean Serpent-eagle'''". Bawean Island (off northern [[Java]]) |
| − | + | [[Image:crested_serpent_eagle_2_alok.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Immature Nominate subspecies<br />Photo © by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />[[Keoladeo National Park]], [[India]], 6 February 2018]] | |
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Forest and forest edge, riverine woodland, farmland and sometimes near villages. Occurs up to 3,000m in the [[Himalayas]]. | Forest and forest edge, riverine woodland, farmland and sometimes near villages. Occurs up to 3,000m in the [[Himalayas]]. | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | They specialise in reptiles hunting over woodland for tree snakes and lizards. | + | They specialise in reptiles, hunting over woodland for tree snakes and lizards. |
They will, occasionally, take mammals, crabs, eels and birds. | They will, occasionally, take mammals, crabs, eels and birds. | ||
| + | ====Breeding==== | ||
| + | A large stick nest is constructed in the middle of a tall tree. The clutch consists of 1, occasionally two, eggs. These are incubated by the female for about 35 days, with the male helping to feed them once they are hatched. They leave the nest when they are about 2 months old. | ||
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
They are very vocal, especially in breeding display flights. | They are very vocal, especially in breeding display flights. | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | {{ Audio|crested_serpent_eagle_3_alok.mp3 }} | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | Recording &cpy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br /> | ||
| + | [[Jim Corbett National Park (Uttaranchal)|Jim Corbett NP, India]], 9 June 2016<br /> | ||
| + | Call given by two individuals sitting across river Ramganga, on its two banks. Recorded in peak breeding season. | ||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
Click on photo for larger image | Click on photo for larger image | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
| − | Image:44497Ryukyu-Serpent-Eagle.jpg|Subspecies ''perplexus'' <br /> Photo by {{user|MANDA|MANDA}} <br />Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, [[Japan]], March 2005 | + | Image:39260419820 7bfdb91a2f z.jpg|Subspecies ''malayensis''<br />Photo © by {{user|SeeToh|SeeToh}}<br />Goldhill Avenue, [[Singapore]], March 2018 |
| − | Image:21262208666 29d31d5b6e b.jpg|Subspecies ''hoya'' <br />Photo by {{user|Dave+2x|Dave 2x}}<br />[[Taiwan]], September 2015 | + | Image:44497Ryukyu-Serpent-Eagle.jpg|Subspecies ''perplexus'' <br /> Photo © by {{user|MANDA|MANDA}} <br />Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, [[Japan]], March 2005 |
| + | Image:21262208666 29d31d5b6e b.jpg|Subspecies ''hoya'' <br />Photo © by {{user|Dave+2x|Dave 2x}}<br />[[Taiwan]], September 2015 | ||
| + | Image:crested_serpent_eagle_alok.JPG|Nominate subspecies : Crest raised<br />Photo © by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />[[Jim Corbett National Park (Uttaranchal)|Jim Corbett NP, India]], June-2016 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Image:DSC5922-web Crested Serpent EagleMN.jpg|Subspecies ''malayensis''<br />Photo © by {{user|mastok noeryanto|mastok noeryanto}}<br />Perak, [[Malaysia]], June 2012 | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref- | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thOct23}}#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=283837 Birdforum thread] discussing identification of Crested Serpent Eagle |
| + | #[https://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?p=4064643 Birdforum thread discussing differences between Crested Serpent Eagle and [[Mountain Serpent Eagle]]] | ||
| + | #{{Ref-Eatonetal21}}#https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/ Animal Diversity Web | ||
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | {{GSearch|Spilornis+ | + | {{GSearch|"Spilornis cheela" {{!}} "Spilornis minimus" {{!}} "Crested Serpent Eagle" {{!}} "Simeulue Serpent-eagle" {{!}} "Mentawai Serpent-eagle" {{!}} "Nias Serpent-eagle" {{!}} "Bawean Serpent-eagle" {{!}} "Natuna Serpent-eagle"}} |
| + | <br /> | ||
| + | {{VSearch|"Spilornis cheela" {{!}} "Spilornis minimus" {{!}} "Crested Serpent Eagle" {{!}} Simeulue {{!}} Mentawai {{!}} Nias {{!}} Bawean {{!}} Natuna + "Serpent Eagle" -"video clip"}} | ||
| + | {{GS-checked}}1 | ||
| + | <br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
| − | |||
| − | [[Category:Birds]][[Category:Spilornis]] [[Category:Videos]] | + | [[Category:Birds]][[Category:Spilornis]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] [[Category:Videos]] |
Latest revision as of 22:47, 30 April 2024
Spilornis minimus redirects here.
For the species Nicobar Serpent Eagle, see Spilornis klossi.
Includes: Simeulue Serpent-eagle, Mentawai Serpent-eagle, Nias Serpent-eagle, Bawean Serpent-eagle, Natuna Serpent-eagle
- Spilornis cheela
Identification
Medium large raptor about 50–74 cm (19¾-29 in) in length.
Adult
- Dark brown upperparts and head
- Hooded appearance at rest
- Pale brown underparts and underwing coverts
- Appears large-headed and owl-like due to face s hape and position of eyes
Flight
- Shallow dihedral in soaring flight
- Tail and flight feathers black with broad white stripes
Distribution
Southern Asia. Widespread and generally common from northern India south to Sri Lanka east to southern China, Hainan, Taiwan and the southern Ryukyu Islands and south to the Andaman Islands and Malay Peninsula. Also breeds on Palawan, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and many smaller islands.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy confused and confusing in the face of little research and multiple distinct forms.
Subspecies abbotti may be elevated as "Simeulue Serpent-eagle", S. abbotti, sipora as "Mentawai Serpent-eagle", S. sipora, asturinus as "Nias Serpent-eagle", S. asturinus, baweanus as "Bawean Serpent-eagle", S. baweanus and (sometimes) natunensis as "Natuna Serpent-eagle", S. natunensis [4].
Subspecies
Clements recognises the following subspecies [1]:
- S. c. cheela in northern India and Nepal
- S. c. melanotis in the Indo-Gangetic plain
- S. c. spilogaster in Sri Lanka
- S. c. burmanicus from Burma to southwestern China, Thailand and Indochina
- S. c. davisoni on the Andaman Islands
- S. c. ricketti in southern China and northern Vietnam
- S. c. hoya in Taiwan
- S. c. rutherfordi on Hainan (southern China)
- S. c. palawanensis on Palawan (southwestern Philippines)
- S. c. pallidus in the lowlands of northern Borneo
- S. c. richmondi in southern Borneo
- S. c. malayensis on the Malay Peninsula, northern Sumatra and Anambas Islands
- S. c. batu on southern Sumatra and Batu Islands
- S. c. bido on Java and Bali
- S. c. minimus on Nicobar Islands, India
- S. c. perplexus on southern Ryukyu Islands
- S. c. natunensis: "Natuna Serpent-eagle". Natunas and Belitung islands (off Borneo)
- S. c. abbotti: "Simeulue Serpent-eagle". Simeulue Island (off western Sumatra)
- S. c. asturinus: "Nias Serpent-eagle". Nias Island (off western Sumatra)
- S. c. sipora: "Mentawai Serpent-eagle". Mentawai Archipelago (off western Sumatra)
- S. c. baweanus: "Bawean Serpent-eagle". Bawean Island (off northern Java)
Habitat
Forest and forest edge, riverine woodland, farmland and sometimes near villages. Occurs up to 3,000m in the Himalayas.
Behaviour
Diet
They specialise in reptiles, hunting over woodland for tree snakes and lizards.
They will, occasionally, take mammals, crabs, eels and birds.
Breeding
A large stick nest is constructed in the middle of a tall tree. The clutch consists of 1, occasionally two, eggs. These are incubated by the female for about 35 days, with the male helping to feed them once they are hatched. They leave the nest when they are about 2 months old.
Vocalisation
They are very vocal, especially in breeding display flights.
Recording &cpy; by Alok Tewari
Jim Corbett NP, India, 9 June 2016
Call given by two individuals sitting across river Ramganga, on its two banks. Recorded in peak breeding season.
Gallery
Click on photo for larger image
Nominate subspecies : Crest raised
Photo © by Alok Tewari
Jim Corbett NP, India, June-2016
Subspecies malayensis
Photo © by noeryanto mastok noeryanto
Perak, Malaysia, June 2012
References
- Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2023. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2023. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Birdforum thread discussing identification of Crested Serpent Eagle
- Birdforum thread discussing differences between Crested Serpent Eagle and Mountain Serpent Eagle
- Eaton, JA, B van Balen, NW Brickle, FE Rheindt 2021. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago (Greater Sundas and Wallacea), Second Edition. Lynx Editions. ISBN978-84-16728-44-2#https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilornis_cheela/ Animal Diversity Web
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Crested Serpent Eagle. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 29 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Crested_Serpent_Eagle
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1
